High concern for Self and Others Essays

High worry for Self and Others Essays High worry for Self and Others Essay High worry for Self and Others Essay In other words this methodology urges individuals to help out one another. Each gathering faces with struggle and trades important data to discover the best answer for the issue. For instance, at times the two players have various snippets of data so they notice to various information. It brings about confounding and misjudging. By having all the more clear discussion and comprehension on the two sides may reduce suspects. Along these lines, a pioneer may utilize the coordinating style to disintegrate strife while continue cooperation. Obliging: Low worry for Self and High Concern for Others If there should be an occurrence of insignificant issue, obliging individual attempt to lessen struggle by tolerating the worry of the other to keep relationship. For instance, in a business office Julie wound up in struggle with Mark by taking his client accidentally. Actually it was the client who wanted to purchase an item with her. Be that as it may, Julie thought about this was not a major client account so she chose to restore the client and keep connection with Mark. This implies for long haul benefits Mary concerned organizing the relationship with her associate as opposed to keeping the client. Overwhelming: High Concern for Self and Low Concern for Others Hofstede expressed that for this style each gathering attempts to protect on what they accept and contends with the other. Therefore, it is conceivable to wind up with more clashes on the off chance that one of the two gatherings has a solid self-focus mentality and doesn't readily acknowledge the aftereffect of judgment. Under this condition, it might annihilate co-activity in a gathering. It appears that a great many people, who react by this style, need to be a champ. So it barely makes inviting climate between individuals from the gathering. Maintaining a strategic distance from: Low Concern for Self and Others This methodology is improper for both relational clash and gathering struggle since the issue which causes strife isn't thought of yet delayed. Hofstede said that This style has been related with disregarding, withdrawal, evading or see no malevolent, hear no shrewd, talk no underhanded circumstances. Hence it despite everything exists and can be reoccurred whenever later on. Bargaining: Intermediate in Concern for Self and Others This arrangement makes a success win circumstance if two gatherings are glad to decrease their prerequisites by haggling to the degree that fulfills the two sides. So in a condition that individuals grade to bargain, the pioneers must be equipped for haggling to deal with it. From the hypothesis of Hofstede, it recommends that pioneers should utilize incorporating and trading off strategies to manage bunch strife so as to energize bunch work. At the point when pioneers arrive at a resolution that contention can be overseen by trading off, arrangement might be need and the Mintzbergs dynamic model might be useful to arrive at a viable compromise.

Discussion In Managerial Accounting Classes -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Discussion In Managerial Accounting Classes? Answer: Presentation: In this specific task, there are two contextual investigation examinations. Initial segment includes case about BLC constrained that is a medium measured organization situated in United Kingdom. Organization tries to utilize the procedure of capital planning for assessing its venture of setting up office. Home case is about conversation of rebate cost and its impact of business. Point by point investigation of both the contextual investigation is finished by clarifications and computations. Figuring the net present worth, interior pace of return and restitution period: For the counts of over these measurements, organization has made the presumption of cost of capital at the pace of 10%. According to the standard, venture producing higher net present worth ought to be acknowledged contrasted with venture creating lower net present worth (Chittenden and Derregia 2015). Venture assessment dependent on IRR portrays that undertaking creating IRR higher than cost of capital will be acknowledged and the other way around. Task that has higher restitution period ought to be dismissed as against lower compensation (Andor et al. 2015). Property 1: Points of interest 0 1 2 3 4 5 (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) Money Inflow/(Outflow) - 2500 1000 500 600 1000 900 Cost of Capital 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Total Cash Flow - 2500 - 1500 - 1000 - 400 600 1500 Limited Cash Flow - 2500.00 909.09 413.22 450.79 683.01 558.83 Net Present Value 514.9 Inward Rate of Return 17.67% Restitution Period (years) 3.4 Property 2: Points of interest 0 1 2 3 4 5 (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) Money Inflow/(Outflow) - 2750 900 700 800 600 700 Cost of Capital 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Total Cash Flow - 2750 - 1850 - 1150 - 350 250 950 Limited Cash Flow - 2750.00 818.18 578.51 601.05 409.81 434.64 Net Present Value 92.2 Inner Rate of Return 11.37% Compensation Period (years) 3.58 The above table portrays the calculation of net present estimation of property 1 and property 2 that the organization is looking for. Net present estimation of property 1 is recorded at 514.9 while the interior pace of return is registered at 17.67%. When taking a gander at figures of NPV for property 2, the registered figure is 92.2. On other hand, the estimation of IRR is figured at 11.37%. Looking at the figures for both the properties, it tends to be seen that NPV for property 1 is higher as against property 2. When taking a gander at the figures of IRR, figures registered for property 2 is more than property 1. Subsequently, from the IRR viewpoint, property 2 ought to be acknowledged and property 2 ought to be dismissed. According to NPV, property 1 ought to be acknowledged and property 2 ought to be dismissed. Presently, taking a gander at the figures for restitution period, time taken for recuperating the underlying measure of property 1 is recorded at 3.4. On other hand, recompense period for property 2 is 3.58. In this manner, looking at the figures of recompense period for both the properties, property 1 has lower take care of period contrasted with property 2. From the examination of all the budgetary strategies, property 1 ought to be acknowledged as against property 2. This is so on the grounds that property 1 has higher NPV and lower compensation period contrasted with property 2. Assessment of subjective variables impacting the choices: One of the significant jobs that are played in venture choices is social patterns and has impressive effect of dynamic of association. It is of most extreme significant for BLC to dissect the social patterns for showcasing gainful speculation choices. Political factor is another subjective factor that impacts venture choice of firms as job of government and ideological group decide the achievement of undertaking to a significant degree. Culture of organization has additionally extensive effect of speculation choices and for producing better return, organization should take into think about this specific factor (Batra and Verma 2014). Association should choose best option by directing legitimate examination. Be that as it may, equivalent significance ought to be given to subjective factors as the best speculation choices come considering both the variables. Calculation of surmised proportionate yearly rate cost: Points of interest Subtleties Current Credit Period (in days) 70 Proposed Credit Period (in days) 30 Decrease in Credit Period (in day) 40 Credit Cycle in a Year 9.125 Markdown Rate 0.02 Limited Receipts 0.98 Receipt after Deposit Fund @ 2% 1.020408163 Inexact Equivalent Annual Percentage Cost 19.30% Calculation of estimation of exchange receivables: Points of interest Existing Scheme Proposed Scheme Absolute 30 Days 70 Days Absolute 30 Days 70 Days (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) Income 500 150 350 500 400 100 Markdown @ 2% - 8 - 8 Terrible Debt - 10 - 3 - 7 - 5 - 4 - 9 Estimation of Trade Receivables 490 147 343 487 388 91 Assessment of plans of cost and advantages: With the execution of this plan, it is conceivable to gather income from clients in time and there won't be any deferral. Issue of over drafting will be disposed of, as the receivables will be gathered in shorter period. Association will likewise have good effect on current proportion and will encounter improved receivable gathered period (Graham and Sathye 2017). Sparing terrible obligations to 5 million contrasted with 10 million is another bit of leeway got by organization with the usage of this specific plan. Subtleties of investment funds of obligation because of this strategy are delineated in the table beneath. In the present situation, measure of awful obligation is remaining at 5% of absolute income. New approach Existing approach Terrible obligations in million 5 10 Spared 5 million With the execution of the new plan, association will have the option to spare 5 million contrasted with 10 million in the past plan. Plan cost is delineated as far as intrigue brought about on overdraft. Association is required to take overdraft from the banks as a result of postponement in getting installments from clients. This specific plans cost is at 20%. Accordingly, so as to acknowledge this plan, it is required by BLC constrained to make cost correlation and they are required to pay extra 5%. In addition, it is additionally required by association to contrast rebate with obligation sparing with that of cost. It very well may be seen from the examination that aggregate sum of markdown that is given to clients is more than the sum as far as obligation investment funds. In the wake of leading the examination, it tends to be deduced that cost of offering clients with rebate plans is more than aggregate sum of advantages got on part of organization. Acknowledgment of plan should possibly be done when expenses brought about in utilizing that plan is lower than absolute advantages got. It would be reasonable for BLC constrained to proceed with the current plans as expenses is more than sparing created. Ends From the above conversation, it tends to be derived that execution of the plans of furnishing clients with 2% rebate inside 30 days would not be appropriate and doesn't create positive effect on business. It is so in light of the fact that the expense brought about in utilizing such plans is more than aggregate sum of investment funds produced. Thusly, it would be suitable for organization to proceed with existing plan and not utilizing new plan. References Andor, G., Mohanty, S.K. what's more, Toth, T., 2015. Capital planning rehearses: An overview of Central and Eastern European firms.Emerging Markets Review,23, pp.148-172. Batra, R. what's more, Verma, S., 2014. An Empirical Insight into Different Stages of Capital Budgeting.Global Business Review,15(2), pp.339-362. Chittenden, F. what's more, Derregia, M., 2015. Vulnerability, irreversibility and the utilization of rules of thumbin capital budgeting.The British Accounting Review,47(3), pp.225-236. Gornik-Tomaszewski, S., 2014. Capital Budgeting Simulation Using Excel: Enhancing the Discussion of Risk in Managerial Accounting Classes.Management Accounting Quarterly,15(4). Graham, P.J. furthermore, Sathye, M., 2017. Does National Culture Impact Capital Budgeting Systems?.Australasian Accounting Business Finance Journal,11(2). Meyer, K.S. furthermore, Kiymaz, H., 2015. Supportability Considerations in Capital Budgeting Decisions: A Survey of Financial Executives.Accounting and Finance Research,4(2), p.1. Roy, D., Rudra, D. furthermore, Prasad, P., 2017. Capital Structure and Capital Budgeting: An Empirical and Analytical Study of the Relationship.Research Bulletin,42(4), pp.50-60. Shimizu, N. furthermore, Tamura, A., 2015. The Eff ects of Business Strategy on Economic Evaluation Techniques of Capital Investment.

Knowledge Management & Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information Management and Business - Assignment Example From this paper plainly the most widely recognized qualities that show a firm has endured a serious information misfortune particularly in a firm that fabricates instruments are the loss of individuals or clients particularly if cutoff times were not met loss of advantages, loss of ventures and loss of key work capacities. Information misfortune happens in circumstances, for example, staff versatility, profession moves and through retirement. Resources are likewise lost through exchange of benefits and the absence of advantage memory or verifiable information. Tasks then again are lost through lacking encounters. To evade information misfortune certain instruments are utilized that can viably catch information, move the information and produce valuable and available results.As the paper highlightsâ there are various difficulties and obstructions that influence the information holding and move process they incorporate; absence of time, absence of information maintenance apparatuses, absence of subsidizing, absence of time. For the overseeing chief of Global Wannabe to comprehend the issue of information misfortune deliberately, he should comprehend that in this upgraded and lean business world, time factor is the most significant asset. The overseeing executive additionally has the undertaking of guaranteeing that the staff is made mindful of the benefits of holding and moving information and the effect it has on the achievement of a business. The usage of the KRT or the Knowledge maintenance and move program would be the best technique in diminishing dangers and information misfortune.

Plastic Surgery Debate free essay sample

Plastic medical procedure has been, and will keep on being a dubious subject from multiple points of view a few people will concur with plastic medical procedure and a few people won’t concur with plastic medical procedure. Plastic medical procedure has become progressively normal today for an assortment of reasons and innumerable people are counseling plastic specialists with the expectations of looking the manner in which they have constantly longed for looking. Regardless of whether plastic medical procedure is the correct decision is an inquiry that requires some genuine looking and individual assessment both by the individual fascinating in plastic medical procedure and the specialist who is playing out the medical procedure. There are different sorts of plastic medical procedure strategies that can be performed for restorative or remedial reasons. Plastic medical procedure can go from minor improvements to significant body redesigns depending in the necessities of the individual mentioning this extraordinary medical procedure. While the advantages of plastic medical procedure are broadly acknowledged, patients should think about the positive and negative parts of plastic medical procedure before experiencing any medicines. This discussion considers just corrective medical procedure did simply to improve appearance, and doesn't address plastic medical procedure for clinical reasons, for instance post-distortion reproduction or medicinal medical procedure. II. Meaning of Terms 1. Medical procedure †the part of medication that treats ailments, wounds, and disfigurements by manual or employable techniques. 2. Restorative †including or identifying with treatment proposed to reestablish or improve a people appearance. 3. Corrective Surgery †medical procedure that changes or improves the presence of a physical element, anomaly, or imperfection. 4. Sedation †medication that can cause aggregate or incomplete loss of sensation. 5. Appearance †the way that somebody, or something, looks. 6. Disfiguration †to blemish or ruin the ppearance or state of; twist. III. Contentions a. The advantages of corrective medical procedure are awesome †both truly and inwardly. Patients are not, at this point hesitant about their physical imperfections. Numerous restorative medical procedure patients find that they are all the more friendly, increasingly amiable, and progressively certain. They can concentrate on living their li ves as opposed to agonizing over the manner in which others are taking a gander at them. What's more, given that actually we’re decided on our appearance constantly, it’s superbly sane to need to look great. . We ought not limit opportunity of decision. Positively there’s a component of peril included. Be that as it may, why shouldn’t we let individuals attempt perils in the quest for magnificence, and higher confidence? As people, we are accountable for our bodies and ought to reserve the option to choose what we need to do with it. c. Restorative medical procedure can turn a benefit for emergency clinics that is put towards progressively broad clinical regions. What's more, specialists get preparing and practice in troublesome methods which would then be able to be utilized to help patients in veritable need. . Most by far of individuals who have restorative medical procedure have one strategy and never think back. They’re made more joyful and pr ogressively secure in themselves as a result of it. It’s fine to restrict corrective medical procedure, yet don’t dishonestly depict those that have it as being intellectually temperamental. IV. Counter Arguments a. Restorative medical procedure is a hurtful effect on individuals. As time changes so do the principles of magnificence. Individuals follow the patterns at whatever point they change. Individuals request that specialists make them resemble the most recent well known star. Doing this overlooks the normal magnificence and decent variety that our way of life is made of. We ought to advance the possibility that appearance isn't as significant as character. Individuals ought to be content with themselves and not be so hung up on their looks. b. We concur that occasionally we should acknowledge those ridiculously, over the span of essential clinical methodology. In any case, with elective medical procedure †methods individuals don’t need, but instead simply need †the dangers can’t be defended. Agony is a noteworthy downside to plastic medical procedure, and recuperation times can be up to a half year sometimes. A few patients might be in danger for extreme responses to sedation or may create medical issues, for example, draining because of their medical procedure. c. Specialists ought to mend, not squander their ability on appearance. Valuable ability and assets are spent on this silly action. Specialists ought to do clinical tasks that are required, not restorative methodology that are wanted. d. Restorative medical procedure is addictive. The impulse to change one’s body is regularly a manifestation of a more profound mental shakiness. It ought to be treated as an issue, not reveled and energized with medical procedure. It’s just a mortar fixed over an a lot further issue. V. Reply a. It isn't really obvious that individuals experience corrective medical procedure for looking as impeccable as well known stars. Larger part of those individuals do it to improve what they look like genuinely, or to fix physical distortions that they believe are ugly to other people. In spite of the fact that they do change their outward appearance, it doesn't imply that they are overlooking assorted variety and culture. Furthermore, in the sort of world we live in today, glances do make a difference in certain occurrences. Let’s state, for instance, two individuals are being met for a potential activity, and one applicant is totally assembled and perfect, and the subsequent competitor isn't so appealing and looks very tousled. Who do you think would establish the best first connection? b. Corrective medical procedure is getting more secure and more secure. It is progressively carefully policed and out of this world lawful compensation outs by terrible specialists have guaranteed that professionals take increasingly more consideration. Innovation in medical procedure and in inserts, etc is perpetually improving. VI. End

Hydrologic Cycle Essay Example For Students

Hydrologic Cycle Essay HYDROLOGIC CYCLE The hydrologic cycle is a steady development of water above, on, and underneath the earths surface. It is a cycle that recharges ground water supplies. It starts as water disintegrates into the air from vegetation, soil, lakes, waterways, snowfields and seas a procedure called evapotranspiration. As the water fume rises it consolidates to shape mists that arrival water to the land through precipitation: downpour, day off, hail. Precipitation falls on the earth and either permeates into the dirt or streams over the ground. Normally it does both. At the point when precipitation permeates into the dirt it is called invasion when it streams over the ground it is canceled surface run. The measure of precipitation that penetrates, versus the sum that streams over the surface, shifts relying upon elements, for example, the measure of water as of now in the dirt, soil creation, vegetation spread and level of slant. Surface overflow in the end arrives at a stream or other surface water body where it is again vanished into the environment. Penetration, be that as it may, moves under the power of gravity through the dirt. In the event that dirts are dry, water is consumed by the dirt until it is altogether wetted. At that point abundance invasion starts to move gradually descending to the water table. When it arrives at the water table, it is called ground water. Ground water keeps on moving descending and horizontally through the subsurface. In the end it releases through slope springs or saturates streams, lakes, and the sea where it is again dissipated to propagate the cycle. GROUND WATER AND SUBSURFACE WATER Most stone or soil close to the earths surface is made out of solids and voids. The voids are spaces between grains of sand, or breaks in thick stone. All water underneath the land surface happens inside such void space sand is alluded to as underground or subsurface water. Subsurface water happens in two unique zones. One zone, found promptly underneath the land surface in many zones, contains both water and air in the voids. This zone is alluded to as the unsaturated zone. Different names for the unsaturated zone will be zone of air circulation and vadose zone. The unsaturated zone is quite often underlain by a second zone wherein all voids are brimming with water. This zone is characterized as the soaked zone. Water in the immersed zone is alluded to as ground water and is the main subsurface water accessible to flexibly wells and springs. Water table is frequently abused as an equivalent for ground water. Be that as it may, the water table is really the limit between the unsaturated and soaked zones. It speaks to the upper surface of the ground water. In fact talking, it is the level at which the water powered weight is equivalent to air pressure. The water level found in unused wells is frequently a similar level as the water table. Springs A spring is an immersed geologic development that will yield a usable amount of water to a well or spring. Ground water happens in springs under two conditions: bound and unconfined. A limited spring is overlain by a restricting bed, for example, an impermeable layer of earth or rock. An unconfined spring has no binding bed above it and is generally open to penetration from the surface. Unconfined springs are regularly shallow and much of the time overlie at least one restricted springs. They are revived through porous soils and subsurface materials over the spring. Since they are normally the upper most spring, unconfined springs are likewise called water table springs. Kept springs normally happen at significant profundity and may over untruth other limited springs. They are frequently energized through breaks or opening sin impermeable layers above or beneath them. Limited springs in complex geographical arrangements might be uncovered at the land surface and can be legitimately energized from penetrating precipitation. Kept springs can likewise get revive from an adjoining good country region, for example, a mountain go. .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc , .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .postImageUrl , .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc , .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:hover , .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:visited , .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:active { border:0!important; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:active , .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ue 913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491 881fc51fc .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: CESAR CHAVEZ MURAL Essay Water in filtrating broke stone in the mountains may stream descending and afterward move along the side into restricted aquifers.WATER SUPPLY WELLS When water is pulled back from a well, its water level drops. At the point when the water level falls beneath the water level of the encompassing groundwater streams into the well. The pace of inflow increments until it rises to the pace of withdrawal.The development

One Of The Most Crucial Health Topic Complication Of Epidural - 825 Words

One Of The Most Crucial Health Topic: Complication Of Epidural (Essay Sample) Content: Complication of Epidural Student Name Institution Complication of Epidural Introduction Epidural complications are among some of the most crucial topics that have been attracting a huge research and analysis among researchers in the clinical field. The complications and interventions related to the concept of epidural analgesia in the sense of postoperative pain relief is a factor that attracted the attention of Shafiq, Hamid, and Samad (2010). In this article, the epidural analgesia is studied among the most important postoperative pain control strategies even though there are various complications associated with it. Nonetheless, early recognition of the signs and the most crucial interventions would be useful for minimizing such complications. As such, an effective audit would be effective in terms of finding out the incidences with which the manifestations of these complications are present in order to come up with the necessary measures for providing better care outcomes. It is significant first to ensure that there is a clear definition of acute pain. According to the mentioned article, acute pain is that pain manifested when patients have preexisting diseases combined with surgical procedures. For the postoperative period, acute pain may be one of the most severe experiences in the life of the patient. However, the use of various modalities would be important in reducing the patient’s postoperative pain through the application of epidural analgesia methods. The most important part of this point is the use of aesthetic and narcotic agents throughout the epidural period. However, pain management is the major concern of an audit whose major objective is the identification of the complications that come with the use of epidural analgesia among postoperative patients as well as coming up with the most effective intervention methods for addressing the same complications. Methodology Using data of the records collected about patients with experiences of catheter as well as postoperative pain, the research methodology would take the form of experimental analysis whose major focus is to come up with the most appropriate means of managing pain. Additionally, the level of assertions, the type of drugs used in managing postoperative pain, the number of days of experiencing complications, and the experienced symptoms such as vomiting and dural tap would be useful in providing the most effective information for addressing the complication related to epidural. In this methodology of data collection, the intervention measures for managing such complications were effectively recorded in order to assess the most effective and appropriate methods for addressing acute pain in the postoperative period among patients. Furthermore, the research used records from the acute pain management service (APMS) department to assess patient response to postoperative pain and the complications related to epidural processes. However, the methodology involved the exclusion of patients noted to have caudal, thoracic, and labor epidurals while patients enrolled in the acute pain department were the most useful subjects of the research. In this sense, all patients that experienced epidural catheter related to postoperative pain management had their data from the APMS section with proper investigation by the research’s primary evaluator. According to Shafiq, Hamid, and Samad (2010), the APMS register would be helpful in providing the opportunity for utilizing various parameters such as surgical procedures, the concentration of local anesthetic, and the eventual levels of the administered catheter insertion. Results Out of the 1706 entries made by the researcher about epidurals, the study recorded every aspect of complications between 2001 and 2007. The result of these entries indicated that motor block complication was the most prominent one, making 13.4% of all the complications recorded. Catheter pull out complication came second at 3.8% followed by 2.4% of ineffective pain control. Drug delivery systems and dural tap complications were found to be 1.7% and 1.3%...

Research Assignment Define Bullying and its Effects - 550 Words

Research Assignment: Define Bullying and its Effects (Essay Sample) Content: BullyingStudents NameUniversity AffiliationI have been a teacher with this fine institution since the year 2013. Through the years, it has come to my attention that bullying is without an iota of doubt, one of the most predominant problems facing this institution. Bullying is defined as the process of repeated actions or threats towards an individual by another individual perceived to be superior or having more authority or status than their victims. By so doing, bullies cause fear, harm and distress. For most young individuals, bullying is characterized by teasing and name calling. There are four major modes of bullying. They include physical, verbal, psychological and cyber bullying. Physical bullying refers to acts such as shoving, hitting, throwing objects and tripping. It also includes inappropriate touching or damaging other peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s property. Verbal bullying refers to name calling, hurling threats, spreading rumors teasing and racial slurs. On the oth er hand, psychological bullying refers to behaviors that hurt emotionally such as withholding friendship. Cyberbullying refers to the act of bullying through networks. For instance, posting negative comments on social network accounts, sexting, posting negative photos and videos and texting rumors. Bullying is undeniably a big problem that needs to be...

Advertising and Consumerism The Face of the 21st Century...

Advertising and Consumerism: The Face of the 21st Century â€Å"Introducing the lasted, newly improved widget†¦ anyone whose anyone has one†¦ it is a must have!† These words sound familiar? This is due in part, because advertising today has taken such extreme measures to persuade the American public; materialism has become the most prominent and universal mentality. The need to have the newest and best has become an instilled characteristic of the average citizen. How, you may wonder, has the advertising industry become such a powerful entity? The answer is that propaganda has always played a vital role in society; this is not a new concept. Throughout history propaganda/advertising has been to entice, elude, and manipulate people.†¦show more content†¦It’s simple, striking, and exceptionally clever. How is this appealing you ask? Well if you are sophisticated and beautiful woman, you want this product. The simplicity of this ad is what gives it so much character. According to A Meeting of Minds, â€Å"Con necting objects through color or space conveys association among the ideas behind the objects† (Dobyns, 321). This ad compares a black stiletto heel, which can be associated with sex appeal, beauty, elegance, and power, to the slim mascara brush. This comparison causes the audience to subliminally associate those desirable traits with the mascara. Due to the exceptional contrast in the picture, the viewer’s eye is not distracted. It immediately focuses on the two objects present the stiletto and the brush. This extreme contrast of black and white can flood the viewer’s mind with a variety of associative polarities such as night and day or good and bad. Because the heel and the mascara are depicted in black gives the notion that black is dark, sexy, provocative, and smooth, which is what a high profile woman wants. She wants to catch attention, be recognized, and lusted after. Hence, a woman viewing this elegant ad will want this product because the simplicity of it will allow her to mind to associate desirable characteristics to the make-up. Subsequently as you will notice in this ad, theShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx, Commodity Fetishism, An Objective, Valuable For People Things1164 Words   |  5 Pagesmaterial relationships. It is the second birth of the primitive religion. There are two extremes : either honoring some kinds of stones or just ignoring the world of stuff. One shouldn’t forget about the function of commodity fetishism in branding and advertising. A natural value of commodities are practically altered by branding as social distinguish between people are ignored. We should distinguish between brand essence, that is individuality, brand identity, that is some image created by specialists andRead MoreA Loyal Servant, Graphic Design And Its Journey2084 Words   |  9 Pagesof art in around 80`s . Before that, graphic design was called commercial art and its practitioners were called visual communicators. As a such a young profession it grew incredibly fast and spread globally. In the book of Graphic Design For The 21st Century, C. P. Fiell describes it as the part of the fabric of everyday modern life. They say that it surrounds us silently, as if it is secretly coded everywhere around us, but we only react to it on subconscious level, without even noticing it is thereRead MoreAdbusters Media Foundation: An Active Space for Participation2476 Words   |  10 Pagesfor Participation We live in the age of consumerism; we are constantly surrounded by advertisements in our everyday environments. Through television, print, billboards, radio, the Internet and countless other mediums, it seems as though we cannot escape ads. We have become so accustomed to advertisements that most of the time we are unaware of the impact they can have on us. To help us become more aware of the effects of advertisements and consumerism, activist groups like Adbusters has helpedRead MoreEssay on Consumption in American Culture at the End of History1807 Words   |  8 Pagesthe rigid policing of tastes, activities, and consumption in our own 21st century culture. The new trend and buzzword now is globalization, and the contemporary reaction to the expansion of global capitalistic enterprise ranges from cheerful acceptance to violent protest. What is clear is that consumption seems to be the primary locus of economic activity in contemporary America just as the factory was central to the 19th century. There also seems to be a connection between the drives behind rampantRead Moreâ€Å"Marketing, Consumerism, Materialism and Ethics: the Modern Marketing Conundrum†4276 Words   |  18 Pagesunethical marketing. But certain enactments like Consumer Protection Act 1986, Competition Act 2002 etc have put some barriers on companies. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE The objective behind this research is to throw light on marketing, ethics and consumerism and how these concepts are misused in a high consumption and materialistic economy like India to deceive end cheat or deceive the consumers. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research is based on secondary sources like reputed newspapers, magazines, journalsRead MoreRacial Profiling, Discrimination, And Discrimination3120 Words   |  13 Pagesstandard in terms of how minorities are generally treated and perceived. In plain terms, and despite how the population of the nation has become so diverse, bias continues to exist and blacks, Asians, Latin Americans, gays, and other minority groups face prejudice and marginalization. As an example, racial profiling by the police continues to be both practiced and largely defended by law enforcement. If one social behavior most reflects how this widespread minority discrimination is practiced, howeverRead MoreYouth Culture and Social Change1895 Words   |  8 Pagescan be defined as the shared values, customs, beliefs, behaviours and knowledge of a particular group or society.[1] Similarly, youth culture refers to the shared values, etc. of individuals in their teenage and young adult years. During the las t century, the world around us has changed greatly, and as a result of this, so too has youth culture changed. In this investigation, the ways in which social change has influenced youth culture from the 1960’s to today will be explored and how changes in factorsRead MoreEco-Buddhism7194 Words   |  29 Pagesof mass advertising.   From an early age, we are bombarded by powerful imagery, deployed through a hypnotic medium, television, that bypasses conscious filters to directly influence our subconscious mind. The vivid imagery of television and movies create a seamless virtual reality that programs our collective nervous system. From America to China, consumerism has become an organizing principle for billions of peoples’ lives. Zen Buddhist philosopher David R. Loy states: Consumerism requiresRead More A.M.Holmes Music For Torching, Seth MacFarlanes Family Guy, and Tony Kushners Angels in America1948 Words   |  8 PagesA.M.Holmes Music For Torching, Seth MacFarlanes Family Guy, and Tony Kushners Angels in America The social progression of America in the 20th and 21st centuries has been arguably advantageous. In the years following the feminist and civil rights movements, the United States has undeniably developed into the world’s leading democratic system. Women and minorities have equal citizenship status under the law. There are more females in the workforce than ever before, and formerly guarded issuesRead MoreImpact of Consumer Protection Agencie in Nigeria15948 Words   |  64 Pagesproducts and services false attributions in order to persuade consumers into patronizing their products. Apart from the fact that the average consumer gets bombarded everyday with all sorts of advertising messages, he is further confronted with other sharp practices of marketers such as deceptive advertising, high pressure selling, shoddy or unsafe products, planned obsolescence and arbitrary price increases. The Nigerian business environment is filled with so many corrupt and care free capitalists

I Am Interested Into Learning - 1244 Words

I have always been a very studious person and I genuinely enjoy learning and figuring things out through experimentation and doing things for myself. This is wonderful in many ways, but, unfortunately, it has made it very hard for me to decide about a college major. I am interested in learning as much about as many things as I can. This is my goal because I am curious about how the world works and I want to understand it to help make it better. I chose the Northeastern Explore Program because it will allow me to experiment with different courses and try to find the major I ultimately want to commit to. With the targeted support from advisors and counselors, I think I will be more easily able to determine what I want to do. I am also quite scared of commitment, and by choosing this program, I can prolong that decision further into the future. This semester has only made somethings clearer, mostly it has made everything feel more real and more immediate. I have struggled with Calculus 1 and with Physics 1 and while initially that was very discouraging and made me want nothing to do with either subject, I now feel that struggling through those subjects may be the best thing I can do for myself, especially if my goal is to become an engineer. At the beginning of the year, I told my roommates that I wanted nothing to do with Physics or Calculus after this semester and yet now, I find myself enrolled in both Physics 2 and Calculus 2. I have enjoyed both Sociology and PhilosophyShow MoreRelatedOn Course Journal Entry 31104 Words   |  5 Pages 24 2014 Journal Entry 3 Part 1. One thing I enjoyed learning most was the true cultures of African Americans. Including insight on African Spirituality, the values of Melanin, and the miseducation of blacks in America. Part 2. A. How did you gather information or skills needed to learn this? In the beginning, I went to the library and gathered as many books as I could on African Americans and the culture of Africa. Some book titles I read included; The Miseducation of the Negro by. CarterRead MoreCollege At Simon s Rock887 Words   |  4 PagesIn my sophomore year, I began to express a passionate interest in pursuing a college education at an early age. At first, I learned of the opportunities of the college summer programs and courses available to me. As my college search progressed, I found residential programs for colleges and universities that allowed students to enroll one year early. Upon attaining this knowledge, I was instantly filled with aspiration and eagerness. My educational environment, my ambitions, and my experiences haveRead MoreTechnical Internships For Advance National Security ( Titans ) Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagesschooling career I have worked hard to learn as much as I can. Consequently, I have become very good at picking up new topics extreme ly quickly. 2. Drive. I put in the time and effort to get things done that need to get done. I always make deadlines because I plan my time out effectively, and I have the drive to stick with a project until it is done satisfactorily. 3. Attention to detail. I consider this one of my greatest strengths because I always scrutinize details more than most. I take pride inRead More My Writing Essay909 Words   |  4 Pagesthe past four years, I have written many papers for various classes, enjoying some and others having to choke out words to write down. In this memo I will describe my writing projects and how they made me become a better writer, and how they will continue to help develop me into a becoming a more prosperous writer. What I Really Learned in English 100 Well as a recent pupil of the Great McFadden I want to do all that I can to be on his good side, for he said that if I go one mile to meetRead MoreExploring The Power Of Interest And Motivation On Learning873 Words   |  4 PagesExploring the Power of Interest and Motivation on Learning in College Do you ever wonder why some people are known as â€Å"straight A students† and while other people struggle in school even though they’re smart? Learning something can be tough for some people. People have different ways and approaches of acquiring new knowledge. And no one has a better learning style than anyone else. However, no matter what approach you have in learning, how we gain and receive knowledge is dependent by our environmentRead MorePh. D Case Study1583 Words   |  7 PagesAbout one week ago, I gave my Undergraduate final examination and it was Computer Graphics. The night before the exam, I was preparing myself for the exam, I was studying Basic Incremental Algorithm- what it is, it’s functions, mathematical explanation and computational drawbacks etc. Next came the midpoint Line Algorithm, that gave a sound mathematical representation which could resolve the problems the previously mentioned algorithm had. The more I was reading, the more my smile of satisfactionRead MoreEssay on Personal Narrative: My Experiences with Learning Processes1386 Words   |  6 Pages Learning is a vast processes and this starts from the time when we first open our eyes to see the world. Later complicacy starts as we grow up and learning forms a particular path to tackle this complicacy. This process is formed by the human being and human being only followed this path and he is still following. Learning is basically knowing something that is not known before or rather doing something which is not done before. It could be learning through teaching or experience. ThusRead MoreThe National Association For The Education Of Young Children885 Words   |  4 Pagestools, and resources to ensure success for all learners. The NAEYC Initial and Advanced Standards demonstrates particular strategies for early childhood educators to prepare themselves to be successful and effective teachers. For this brief composition I chose to highlight the i nitial standard #4: using developmentally effective approaches. Standard Summary The NAEYC Initial Standard #4: using developmentally effective approaches focuses on using positive interactions to develop trusting relationshipsRead MoreHow Innovation Is The Approach That I Use For Implementing New Ideas1111 Words   |  5 PagesP-20 Innovation Disruptive Innovation is the approach that I like to use for implementing new ideas. Prior to arriving in Murray I had been President of the Modern Technology which is a nonprofit organization that works with Middle School, High School and College level students to help them be ready to work once they graduate from school. For Innovation I would like to explore the following new areas: †¢ Experiential teaching †¢ Learning Methods †¢ Flipping the classroom †¢ Use of nontraditional teachingRead MoreExploration of Clinical and Counseling Psychology740 Words   |  3 Pagesone of the potential career field I may be pursuing in the near future. I have been very interested in both but currently unsure which career path is for me. In order to help myself reach definite terms on what is the possible career path I would like to pursue between clinical and counseling psychology, it is of great significance to continue my ongoing knowledge and exploration about the clinical and counseling career field. I have always been interested on working with people of mental disorders

The Revolution Of The Cotton Gin - 2642 Words

Florida Southwestern State College Research Paper The Revolution of the Cotton Gin Kaizha D. McRae History of World Civilization 1815 to Present: WOH1030 James Richardson July 16, 2015 Every day millions of people wake up, get dressed and head out for a long day of work. Many of these people may work at a local McDonald’s, Wal-Mart, Dillard’s, or gas station. Some people choose to work at home on a computer blogging, selling items on the internet and even making entertaining videos. Present day society is quite different than society years ago, before and during the Industrial Revolution. Today the people of the world have more opportunities for advancements than before. The world has evolved significantly over time, and†¦show more content†¦In addition, social life was more complex due to the lack of telecommunication. If one wanted to talk to a family member in another state, or even a friend a few cities away, snail mail was available which could take days to weeks for the recipient to receive. Also, commuting from one place to another was done by horse and carriage, or on foot. There were no motor vehicles, trains or a irplanes available for short or long distance commuting. It was not until the late 1700s when industrialization was introduced and welcomed to the world. One could assume why the rise of industrialization began. With sometimes unreliable forms of communication, inefficient transportation, and slow manufacturing of goods and products, the world was past due for a change. Well, the beginning of industrialization, or what some may also refer to as urbanization, began in Great Britain and eventually spread to the United States and all around the world. Historians believe that industrialization began in Great Britain for various reasons. One reason why historians believe Great Britain was the home of industrialization was because they were more technologically advanced than other countries and had a head-start from around the world during this time (The Industrial Revolution begins in England (1760-1850)† par. 1). Once industrialization spread around the world, lives began

Fairy Tale Relationship Analysis - 830 Words

We are going to be together forever! We can assume that everyone has heard this said before. Whether it was through the cute little Facebook post of a high school couple; from little kids on the playground; or said between two madly in love adults. Everyone has heard that phrase before. Although, is it realistic to say that someone will be there forever? By analyzing two readings about fairy-tale relationships we can take in their views on fairy tale-like relationships and better understand if the perfect fairytale relationship really exists. In the texts â€Å"Cinderella† by Anne Sexton and â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† by Anne Bradstreet, the audience is presented with two views on a fairy-tale-like relationship. Fairy tale relationships†¦show more content†¦She argues that nothing in life is eternal. Life just does not stay the same; the people we encounter in life are ever-changing; and will not stick around forever. This view is an abrupt contrast to the views expressed by Anne Bradstreet of â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband.† Bradstreet is an interesting character. She lived through the 1600s, was married by age sixteen and was among the new settlers in Massachusetts. She lived in a time where a woman was expected to respect the man and be in a way submissive to the man. By analyzing Bradstreet’s writing we see areas where she seems to belittle her own self to her husband. She states â€Å"I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold. Thy love is such I can no way repay (Bradstreet 387).† We see how Bradstreet praises the love her husband gives her. However, we see that she is submissive in saying she can never live up to how much he gives her. She treats his love as if it were a pot of gold, there is nothing in her life as important as her husband and their love. In addition, Sexton introduces the central piece to her writing. This central piece of writing brings the reader through the eyes of the fairytale character Cinderella. Cinderella finds herself abandoned by her father for another family after the passing of her mother. The mother hopes to see her marriage live on through her daughter Cinderella. However,Show MoreRelatedThe Animal Helper And The Human Hero1336 Words   |  6 PagesThis literary analysis will define the role of the animal helper and the theme of protection for the human hero in the fairy tale tradition. In the classical fairy tale, the â€Å"donor† or animal helper is a crucial element to the survival and success of the mina hero, since they are typically animals that provide assistance in the journey or quest. This form of intervention is an important aspect of the animal helper’s role in guiding the hero towards self-realization. The animal helper also supportsRead MoreComparison of the Russian Folk Ta le â€Å"The Wolf and the Goat† and the English Folk Tale â€Å"The Wolf and the Three Kittens†978 Words   |  4 Pagesis common in the tales of different peoples? And how do they differ? I have had many questions and wanted to find the answers. My research is devoted to analysis and comparison of the two tales about animals. The first one is the Russian folk tale The wolf and the goat and other one is the English folk tale The wolf and the three kittens. Comparison began with an introduction to the history of fairy tales: the definition of the genre, the collection and study of fairy tales, with their classificationRead MorePuce Fairy Book Analysis730 Words   |  3 PagesA Feminist Analysis of Puce Fairy Book Children often learn about their society’s ideals of love and relationships from fairy tales. Told from a female perspective, the poem Puce Fairy Book by Alice Major challenges and disproves the unfeasible and degrading expectations that women are held to, specifically by men in relationships. The motivation of the speaker, addressing a male counterpart, is to say that she does not care for other’s opinions of her faults and does not desire such unacceptingRead MoreHansel Gretel: A tale of Many Stories1238 Words   |  5 PagesFairy tales have been a big part of learning and childhood for many of us. They may seem childish to us, but they are full of life lessons and intelligent turnings. Components of fairy tales may even include violence, but always with the aim to provide a moral to the story. Hansel and Gretel is in itself a very interesting story to analyze. It demonstrates the way that children should not stray too far from their benchmarks and rely on appearanc es. In 2013, a film adaptation was produced. This filmRead MoreAnalysis Of Bruno Bettelheim s Beauty And The Beast 1414 Words   |  6 PagesBruno Bettelheim, he analyzed fairy tales in terms of Freudian psychology, which is represented in his works of The Uses of Enchantment. Beaumont’s story of Beauty and the Beast is where the first discovery of Beauty’s problem was identified as the Oedipal complex. The Oedipal complex is a child’s desire to have a sexual relation with the parent of the opposite sex, but it is repressed deep in the mind. Beauty in Beauty and the Beast has a special bond of affection with her father; there is the problemRead MoreNeil Gaiman s Snow, Glass, Apples941 Words   |  4 Pagesabout what a fairy tale generally consists of and ignores it. Breaking down all barriers of what is considered the typical fairy tale format, Gaiman does not shy away from delving into the taboos of society. Snow, Glass, Apples is written as a short story meant to mirror the Brother Grimm’s story Snow White and the Seven Dwarves. This short story, however, is told in first person from the perspective of the Queen. This alteration the classic Snow White story offers a look at the tale in a way theRead MoreComparison Of Sleeping Beauty, Mats Eke And Rudolf Nureyev810 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a long standing tradition in the dance world of using fairy tales as inspiration, particularly in ballet (Lawson, 1964; Roslavleva, 1966). Choreographers, from Martha Graham to George Balanchine have the ability to pick, choose, discard, interpret, and manipulate these folkloric stories and parables in order to fit their choreographic intentions .In the case of Sleeping Beauty, Mats Eke and Rudolf Nureyev’s versions are both relevant to today’s audiences and they both play vital roles byRead MoreComparative Analysis Of Cinderell Not So Morally Superior, By Elisabeth Panttaj a1530 Words   |  7 PagesComparative Analysis of Maid in Manhattan Society can learn a lot from Cinderella-like movies such as Maid in Manhattan. However, what society learns from these fairy tales is not always that Cinderella meets a prince and lives happily-ever-after. In the movie Maid in Manhattan, directed by Wayne Wang, a hotel maid meets a wealthy politician and lives a Cinderella-like tale after wearing a wealthy guest’s designer outfit. Most people focus on the obvious love story between the maid and the politicianRead MoreAnalysis of the Character of Shrek and Lord Farquaad from movie Shrek1570 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of the Character of Shrek and Lord Farquaad from movie Shrek In this essay I will analyse the characters of Shrek and Lord Farquaad and tell you about how the filmmakers use different presentational devices to create an unusual fairy tale. In traditional fairy tales the princess is normally a perfect, kind, beautiful person. In a traditional fairy tale the princess is trapped in the tallest tower of a castle guarded by a terrifying beast. A handsome princeRead MoreEssay about Cinderella/Everafter Comparison1092 Words   |  5 PagesSarah Hubbard September 19, 2010 Children’s Lit Review/Analysis One EVERAFTER/A CINDERELLA STORY Cinderella is a classic childhood fairy tale of a young woman who’s mother and father both die, leaving her with a wicked stepmother and two wicked stepsisters. There have been several movies portraying this classic tale. One of which is Everafter starring Drew Barrymore. In this movie a girl loses her father and mother leaving her to be a servant for her stepmother. She meets a prince and falls

Abuse of Market Power-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Choose a Microeconomics topic that interests you. It could be a particular consumer trend like the explosion of demand for IPADS, the rising costs of Oil Products and how they impact demand, or the supply of healthcare services, etc. Answer: The High Price of Essential Drugs in Canada and its Impact on Health The article Terence Corcoran: If you like Canada's liquor, transit and electricity monopolies, you'll love the medicine cartel by Corcoran (2017) tells us that the price of essential drugs is very high and that drugs suppliers have market powers of which they have been noted to abuse. The article also notes that completion in this market is lower and if it was increased, the problem will be narrowed. The article finally suggest the importance of government intervention in this market to help in lowering prices for essential drugs. The second article The serious flaw in Canada's healthcare system: prescription drugs aren't free by Kassam (2017) tells us of the importance of medical care in Canada and the lack of universal coverage in the Canadian medical care. The article noted that some people take pills every day or after days or even a week and are greatly constrained by the high drug costs. Some people skip doctors prescriptions to avoid high costs. Analysis The prices of essential drugs in Canada is very high. This is resulting in a reduction in the living standards for most people especially those that are in the low income bracket. Given that drugs are important in restoring the health status of the sick people of which is untimely and unavoidable, drugs can therefore be considered to be a necessity. Thus, patients are forced to purchase the drugs at the prices offered in the market. The price elasticity of demand for drugs is inelastic and thus demand is not affected by the price changes. There are many hospitals in Canada both public and private; in addition, there are many pharmaceuticals selling drugs in all parts of the country. The players in the drugs market are not in a competitive market given the fact that there is patents for drugs that prevents entrance in this market. Some drugs providers operates in monopoly and oligopolistic markets. This clearly means that drug prices are not given as an interaction of demand and suppl y forces as is the case for competitive markets. Rather, the prices are set by the players who possess market powers over the same. Many people die every year in Canada from lack of proper health services because they have become expensive and unaffordable for many. The players are in constant abuse of market power and are hiking their prices. These players have various arguments to justify their increased costs of producing the drugs such as the testing costs. This calls for government intervention in the provision of health services. Conclusion The price for drugs needed for the treatment of common diseases should be maintained at a lower level to increase the affordability to many citizens and thus lower the health costs. Due to the high costs of imperative drugs, some people are overlooking the consumption of drugs and thus they suffer for long with diseases which at extreme case results in death. Most families are struggling in poverty due to health costs. The government should come up with a good strategy to control the negative externalities in the drugs market. References Corcoran, T. (2017). Terence Corcoran: If you like Canadas liquor, transit and electricity monopolies, youll love the medicine cartel. Financial Post. Retrieved 19 November 2017, from https://business.financialpost.com/opinion/terence-corcoran-if-you-like-canadas-liquor-transit-and-electricity-monopolies-youll-love-the-medicine-cartel. Kassam, A. (2017). The serious flaw in Canada's healthcare system: prescription drugs aren't free. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 November 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/20/canada-national-pharmacare-prescription-drugs.

Prufrock in Progress free essay sample

Prufrock in Progress In A Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot, the main character, J. Alfred Prufrock battles with his identification in the world. T. S. Eliot comprises this character with traits that any human being can relate to, like fear and desire, while ironically depicting the character as a monster. This dueling monster lives within Prufrock. His desire to be accepted is bogged down by his unworthy self-esteem because of his lack of human relationships. Prufrock is a relatable character at best, but his self-image ruins his potential of connecting with other people. Some scholars believe that Prufrock is yearning for a long lost lover throughout his love song, but most evidence shows that he is in confliction with himself. Sistani writes Internal Anxieties and Conflicts in The LOVE SONG of J. ALFRED PRUFROCK and states that Prufrock is searching for a female lover in his expression of A Love Song. We will write a custom essay sample on Prufrock in Progress or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sistani believes that J. Alfred is experiencing internal conflict about a love source and the need of comfort through a relationship with another woman. This interpretation poses irony continuously established throughout the poem because Prufrock does not even love himself. Sistani explains this insecurity by analyzing, â€Å"The article concludes that the male character’s anxieties and conflicts are all the results of a past unsatisfactory mothering situation during his childhood,† (Sistani 478). This accusation is made from empty evidence that he desires a woman’s affection simply because he did not ever have it. This shows that J. Alfred Prufrock is in a habitual pattern of looking for love in all the wrong places. This interpretation by Sistani suggests that J. Alfred is speaking out in the desire for a loving partner. Sadly, Prufrock’s relationship with his mother was disappointing and unfulfilling, therefore; he longs for someone to fill this place. Unfortunately, his lack of love and acceptance for himself disables him from relating and loving or even accepting others. Prufrock speaks of attending a party in which none of the women are good enough for him. He talks of their skirts hitting the floor and is infatuated by the women, but then ironically changes his viewpoint stating, And I have known the eyes already, known them all- The eyes that fix you in a ormulated phase, And when I am formulated, Sprawling on a pin, When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall, Then how should I begin? (Gwynn 623). Prufrock is explaining how women prevent him from being his true self. How the presence of them makes him feel like an insect being pinned on the wall; examined and preserved for humans to review and criticize. He deems the question of how to begin the expression of self when all women seem to want is a fixed idea of what a man should be, and that is not what J. Alfred is. Sistani evaluates â€Å"As a dependent character with not good enough mothering, Prufrock, like a child, is always willing to attach to an external loved object to achieve support and gratification. This need for attachment, to relate to the desired object is constant in Prufrock,† (Sistani 481). The poem in itself is a projection of how Prufrock views himself in comparison to how the reader or another person would view him. He projects only what he wants to be known, and leaves the rest as mystery. He purposefully reveals only what he is comfortable revealing, which will never lead to a sustainable relationship. Sistani concludes in her article, â€Å"Prufrock, with unresolved internal conflicts and anxieties still dreams of the women to attach to in order to fulfill the need for security and comfort,† (Sistani 481). This analysis believes that Prufrock himself feels he will not be able to fully express himself or be accepted without a female partner to lovingly accept him first. Unfortunately and ironically, the cycle persists because J. Alfred Prufrock does not ever have the epiphany that his entire misery is derived from his lack of confidence and love for himself, not from a lack of an external object or person. On the other hand, Human Voices in Silent Seas: A Reading on Eliot’s Love Song by Videnov uses a psychoanalytic approach to interpret the poem sang by J. Alfred Prufrock. She expands on his internal conflict of worthiness. Throughout the poem, Prufrock battles with the public and private sides of himself, and whether his thoughts and feelings are worthy of expression. Videnov explains this contrast in character by stating, â€Å"Through jarring and easy transitions, Eliot contrasts the privacy of observation, insight, and dream with the social functioning of man, his appraisal by others, and his appraisal of himself as reflected in â€Å"the eyes† (55), thoughts, and words of others. † (Videnov, Valentin A. , 126). Videnov also analyzes the internal and external influences on J. Alfred Prufrock’s psyche. The internal conflict that J. Alfred Prufrock exhibits throughout his love song is evident in his lack of self-confidence that leads to a feeling of disconnection with the human population. On one hand, Prufrock expresses the desire to cultivate a relationship with the external world, or a lover; yet on the other hand, he lets his insecurities define him and refuses to let himself engage in relationships with other people. Videnov explains this by describing Prufrock’s quest, â€Å"a quest for belonging, the examination of which could yield the message of the poem and the ultimately optimistic idea of love, as the title suggests, lurking behind the apparently tragic finale,† (Videnov, Valentin A. , 126). This statement establishes the irony in the desire to fulfill a journey of love, yet the inevitable misery Prufrock lives. The psychoanalytical dynamic of the ego and the true self is brought through in Prufrock’s character. T. S. Eliot repeatedly uses the pronouns, â€Å"you and I,† to describe this relationship of the ego and true self that Prufrock experiences. In the interpretation of Human Voices in Silent Seas: A Reading on Eliot’s Love Song, Videnov declares that these two entities are both representative of J. Alfred Prufrock himself. â€Å"You† represents the public face of Alfred J. Prufrock, the ego; and â€Å"I† represents the true self, the self that wants to be expressed but is prevented by Prufrock’s fear and insecurity. The opposing characters within Prufrock are further extended through the symbols of afternoon and evening. The imagery of afternoon is a representation of the light, the desire to express, and the need for connection. The evening represents a darkness, or comfort in the habitual pattern of the introverted mind and it’s self-destructive thoughts. Prufrock expresses his mental state when he says, ‘the evening sleeps so peacefully. † (Gwynn 624) In saying this, Prufrock is confirming within himself his comfort in the thought pattern of darkness. This leads him to question, â€Å"Would it have been worthwhile? † (Gwynn 625), referring to the desired human connection he wants deep down. He truly believes that expression of the self and what he, as an individual has to say and share, are not going to be acc epted by others. Because of his fear of expression, the singer sings a song of love, but predominately and more ironically, a song of sadness. He has continued his pattern of introversion to such an extreme that he suffers from continual loneliness and disassociation. He proves this dissociation when he ends the poem with an insight of his fantasy world of mermaids where he retreats, when he is lonely. He looks upon the beautiful creatures in awe of their unifying world; yet won’t even allow himself to be happy in his fantasy. He states this saying, â€Å"I do not think that they will sing to me,† (Gwynn 625). This prevents him from dreaming himself to a healthy and loving relationship with himself, or anyone else. The lines â€Å"let us go† (Gwynn 622) used repeatedly are incredibly significant in this poem. Us† being the internal representation of the two conflicting sides that exist within Prufrock, as he yearns for release of this horrible cycle. What J. Alfred Prufrock does not understand is that every individual goes through this experience of questioning self worth. The underlying ironic theme of this poem is the relation of the reader to Prufrock himself. This is a cry of the main character to emerge from the inn er seclusion that he feels – a bonding of the afternoon and evening, the light and dark, inner and outer; a battle for the merging of duality to become a union. In â€Å"an overwhelming question† in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by Xue, the main question that J. Alfred Prufrock is consistently in conflict with is whether or not to reveal his true self. Prufrock’s dueling character is established through the language of the poem. The internal conflict of Prufrock is addressed through repetitive language. â€Å"Prufrock is trying to express some deeper philosophical insight or disillusionment with society, but fears rejection. † (Xue 79). This fear causes his misery. Prufrock’s character is dominated by his uncertainty. The repetition of the lines, â€Å"there will be time,† (Gwynn 622) pose irony in the poem. Prufrock is hopeful that he will be able to truly open up to the world in time, yet currently; he is perpetuating his cycle of loneliness by assuming that these desires will naturally unfold without regarded effort. Xue states this in saying, â€Å"The phrase ‘There will be time,’ repeated five times between lines 23 and 36, represents his hesitation and delay, in order to conceal his inner anxiety to the world,† (Xue 80). Essentially, Prufrock is only happy when he is alone with his thoughts because there are no external influences to judge him, yet this is also his cause of misery. Irony is also addressed in the â€Å"you and I† (Gwynn 621) characterization of Prufrock. Xue states the psychoanalytical interpretation of these pronouns, â€Å"In the poem, Prufrock is divided in two selves. One is persuading Prufrock to ask the ‘overwhelming question’, while the other is trying to prevent it,† (Xue 82). Prufrock’s soul really desires is the opposite of what it endures. At the root of his inability to express is his insecurity. Prufrock asks, â€Å"Do I dare Disturb the Universe? † (Gywnn 623) which is direct evidence that Prufrock has serious lack of self-confidence. J. Alfred directly articulates his anxiety about interaction by describing his unappealing physical attributes. He quivers in the thought, â€Å"With a bald spot in the middle of my hair- ‘They will say: ‘How his hair is growing thin! ’† (Gwynn 623). This statement is directly in connection with Prufrock’s physical insecurity, as well as his emotional insecurity because of his self-image. He uses this as an excuse for his anti-social behavior. He manifests this negative expression of self by bolding stating that if he were to share with another he would, â€Å"Die with a dying fall,† (Gywnn 623). This self-conscious attitude and fear of being mocked for this truth is the entire reason for J. Alfred Prufrock’s cyclical misery. He does not love himself; therefore, he cannot find or receive or the love of another. If he never learns to share his truth, he will never understand the beauty of human connection. The reality of how much Prufrock shares about himself is shown in the line, â€Å"To prepare to meet the faces that you meet; to murder to create,† (Gwynn 622). The real self or â€Å"I†, as Videnov described in Human Voices in Silent Seas, is lost or â€Å"murdered† in society to â€Å"create† a false self or alter ego that functions in society. Another line stating this ego-oriented society and repeating the symbol of darkness reads, â€Å"the evening spread out against the sky,† (Gwynn 622) which refers to the apparent darkness of all humans all hidden under the masks of ego. Yet, if J. Alfred Prufrock understands this is a battle of every individual, he would be able to relate. In conclusion, it is J. Alfred Prufrock’s choice to live in misery. If he were open to see himself as a mirror image of others he would realize that every individual has insecurities of their own. Therefore, I agree with scholars Videnov and Xue in the psychoanalytical approach to J. Alfred Prufrock battling with his own ego versus the exploration and expression of his true self. If he deemed himself worthy of external expression then he would finally be able to share in love with himself and in turn, the rest of humanity. Works Cited Gwynn, R. S. Literature: A Pocket Anthology. 5th. New York: Pearson Education, Inc. , 2012. 21-625. Print. Videnov, Valentin A. Human Voices In Silent Seas: A Reading Of Eliots Love Song. Explicator 67. 2 (2009): 126-130. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. Sistani, Roohollah Reesi. Internal Anxieties And Conflicts In The LOVE SONG Of J. ALFRED PRUFROCK. European Journal Of Social Science 17. 4 (2010): 478-489. Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. Xue, Haiqin. On An Overwhelming Question' In The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock. Canadian Social Science 5. 2 (2009): 79-82. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2012.

Kelly Couch Essays (312 words) - Characters In Hamlet, Hamlet

Kelly Couch February 5, 1997 Period 1 Character Journal Act 2 Hamlet I have succeeded in tricking the whole royal family into thinking I am 'mad.' Ophilia, Polonius, Gertrude, Claudius, and all the rest of them believe that I am heart-broken and losing my mind. This should play right into my trap. Since I now know of the players that are in town, I can continue my plan that consists of disposing of Claudius. Fooling the royal family was a simple task. They believe that I have become mad because of the forbiddance of Ophilia to see me. I even expressed a will to die, rather then be left without her. All of this I am doing, because I see no other way. I must deceive the king, until I am ready to kill him. I was having doubts of the ghost recently. At first, I figured it to be a legitimate specter. Showing up at a time very shortly after my great father's death and wearing his shining armor. He seemed to speak of wisdom that only my dead king could portray. Now, I wonder if it wasn't a phantom sent from hell to lure me into killing my mother's lover and king. If true, I would never be able to live with myself, for that would be a horrible deed, done wrong. Yet, I cannot just dismiss this apparition, so I will carry out my plan. I have decided, that with the help of the players and a little improvising on my part with the script they will read, to check on Claudius' conscience. They shall perform a play in which the king is slain and shall watch my new king very closely, for if he so much as flinches I can be sure that the ghost has spake the truth. With that confirmation, I shall begin constructing my play to kill him.

Topics For An Expository Essay

Topics For An Expository EssayTopics for an expository essay can vary depending on the topic of the essay and the type of writer you are. When starting a new essay, it is important to know what topics you should use and how to use them. Once you know how to use them correctly, you will then be able to find topics that are available to help you with your writing. Before we discuss the topics, let's look at the purpose of an essay in the first place.It is important to understand the purpose of an essay and to be able to answer the question: Why am I writing this essay? Most people fail to write because they are not clear on what the purpose of the essay is and the essay can only be successful if the purpose is understood and properly expressed. You can find explanations of the essay topic of academic writing, which would include the purpose of the essay as well as the methods used to write it.The goal of the essay should be to communicate something that can be easily understood by the reader. Writing the purpose of the essay and its methods of expressing this purpose to the reader is imperative. Some people have no problem with this but others find it very difficult and if they cannot communicate their intent they are likely to end up rewriting the essay and there is a good chance that this is only going to cause more problems than solving them.So, let's look at some of the topics that can be used in an expository essay. There are a few options that can be used in the essay such as source or point of view, conflict, evidence, conclusion, motives, relationships, and relationship to other issues. These are just a few examples of the kinds of topics that can be used.Once you know the reason for writing and the target audience, you can start to find topics that will be suitable for the intended audience. One way to do this is to find a variety of topics that relate to the specific topic of the essay. By choosing a variety of topics that relate to the subject, you wil l be able to make sure that the essay is easy to read and understand.It is also possible to write the essay on an area of expertise, such as your occupation, skills, experiences, etc. This is also a good idea to make sure that the essay will be easy to read and understand for the intended audience. You can always choose a topic related to your specialty to make it easier to write. However, if you do not have a specialty, it is also possible to select topics from any area of expertise that you have so long as they are relevant to the essay topic.Because of the different skills and expertise that there are in a wide range of industries, it is important to choose topics that relate to these areas. In addition, you can use many different types of sources that are related to the main topic of the essay to provide additional information about the topic. Although there are many sources that will be used to support your essay, you should find ways to include unique sources that are relevant to the main topic.Finally, it is also necessary to have a plan when writing an expository essay. Many writers try to rush through the writing process and end up writing a poorly written essay. Although an expository essay can be written without too much difficulty, there are a number of things that need to be considered to ensure that it is written properly. By taking the time to prepare properly and having a plan, you will be able to finish your essay much quicker than you would without the help of a plan.

Careers for a Communications Major

Careers for a Communications Major Youve probably heard that being a communications major means a lot of job opportunities will be available for you after graduation. But what exactly are those opportunities? What are some of the best communications major jobs?   In contrast to, say, having a degree in molecular bioengineering, having a degree in communications allows you to take a variety of positions in a variety of fields. Your problem as a communications major, then, is not necessarily what to do with your degree but what industry youd like to work in. Communications Degree Jobs Do public relations (PR) for a large company. Working in the PR office of a large regional, national, or even international company can be an exciting experience simply because of the size of the PR team and the messaging.Do PR for a small company. A huge  company not your thing? Focus a little closer to home and see if any local, small companies are hiring in their PR departments. Youll get more experience in more areas while helping a smaller company grow.Do PR for a nonprofit. Nonprofits focus on their missions the environment, helping kids, etc. but they also need help running the business side of things. Doing PR for a nonprofit can be an interesting job youll always feel good about at the end of the day.Do marketing for a company with interests that parallel your own. PR not quite your thing? Consider using your communications major in a marketing position at a place that has a mission and/or values you are also interested in. If you love acting, for example, consider work ing at a theater; if you love photography, consider doing marketing for a photography company. Apply for a social media position. Social media is new to lots of folks but many college students are very familiar with it. Use your age to your advantage and work as a social media expert for a company of your choosing.Write content for an online company/website. Communicating online requires a very specific skill set. If you think you have what it takes, consider applying for a writing/marketing/PR position for an online company or website.Work in the government. Uncle Sam can offer an interesting gig with reasonable pay and good benefits. See how you can put your communications major to use while helping your country.Work in fundraising. If youre good at communicating, consider going into fundraising. You can meet lots of interesting folks while doing important work in a challenging job.Work at a college or university. Colleges and universities require a lot of communication jobs: admissions materials, community relations, marketing, PR. Find a place you think youd like to work possibly even your alma mater and see where you can help out. Work at a hospital. People receiving care in a hospital are often going through a difficult time. Helping to make sure that the hospitals communication plans, materials, and strategies are as clear and effective as possible is noble and rewarding work.Try going freelance. If you have a bit of experience and a good network to rely on, try going freelance. You can do a variety of interesting projects while being your own boss.Work at a start-up. Start-ups can be a fun place to work because everything is starting from scratch. Consequently, working there will provide you with a great opportunity to learn and grow with a new company.Work as a journalist at a paper or magazine. True, a traditional print press is going through a rough period. But there can still be some interesting jobs out there where you can put your communications skills and training to use.Work on the radio. Working for a radio station either a music-based local station or something different, like National Public Rad io can be a unique job that youll end up addicted to for life. Work for a sports team. Love sports? Consider working for a local sports team or stadium. Youll get to learn the ins-and-outs of a cool organization while helping with their communications needs.Work for a crisis PR company. Nobody needs good PR help like a company (or person) in crisis. While working for this kind of company can be a bit stressful, it can also be an exciting job where you learn something new every day.

Explain the crime of genocide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Explain the crime of genocide - Essay Example The word was however first used in the context of crime in judgment of cases starting with the Justice Case. Initially genocide was considered as a sub-category of crime as it included intentional killing of groups of human beings, destruction or extermination of the groups of individuals. Considering the perspective of the Genocide Convention of 1948, the understanding of the crime of genocide had become significantly narrower than what is crime considered as against humanity (Aydin n.d.). Genocide has been distinctly distinguished as a crime from the other crimes that occur against humanity. The key difference of genocide with other crimes lies in the deliberate intention to kill or eliminate sections of human beings from the society by killing. Such intent to destroy includes the intention to eliminate national, religious, or ethnic groups of people. As these acts represent crimes against humanity, hence genocide is also sometimes considered as a sub-category of crimes against hum anity (Aydin n.d.). Aim of the Study: The aim of the present study is to focus and understand the crime of genocide, considering cases where such acts have taken place, and studying the existing laws and legislations against such acts of crime against humanity. ... Literature Review: The Origins: Although the term genocide has been given to the act of the killing groups and masses of people over the recent years, studies reveal that the origins of such an act can be dated back to millions of years ago. However the historical records that are available about the genocide in earlier times are not dependable for the purpose of research. In the early times, genocides were acted upon not only to remove certain sections of people, or ethnic groups from the society, but also to exploit few of such members of the group being eliminated. Males were the mostly killed ones including smaller children (The Origins of Genocide n.d.). Ancient wars represent cases of genocides of selective people considering the gender of the people and killing them in masses. Examples of such acts of genocides during the ancient times include the destructions caused by the Assyrian Empire during the first millennium of the BCE. The destruction of Melos by the Athens also pres ented gendercidal rampage during the time of the Peloponnesian War. The first genocide that was recorded by Ben Kiernan was the siege of the Roman and ultimate destruction of Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War. However there has been significant debate on these issues and also on the designation set for the first genocide that as recorded (The Origins of Genocide n.d.). The Crime of Genocide: UN Convention: The term genocide has been derived from a combination of two individual terms – ‘genos’ which is a Greek word meaning a group or a tribe, and ‘cide’ representing the Latin word meaning killing. This term was first used in the year 1944 when Lemkin used it in his written book to explain the policies of extermination practiced by the Third Reich and its associates.

Communication in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Communication in Business - Essay Example Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Terms of Reference 4 Overview of the situation 4 Analysis of situation 7 Solution &Recommendation 9 Forecasts and outcomes 11 Conclusion 12 Reference 13 Bibliography 15 Terms of Reference This assignment relates to the outsourcing operations performed by a Chinese company A Ltd for a US based multinational company. The US Company outsources its back-office operations and CRM (Customer relationship management) services to A Ltd. The American company finds the labour costs to be exceedingly high in US and hence gets its work done through the Chinese company A Ltd. This enables the former to save on the exorbitant costs arising from getting the work through indigenous sources. It works to the advantage of the Chinese company in the sense that new employment opportunities are created. China is the fastest growing country in the Asian region. However the country faces stiff competition from the companies involved in the outsourcing operations in India. In fact presently India is the favourite destination of the American and UK companies with regard to outsourcing of operations. There are various reasons that explain the preference of India over China. What attracts the western countries to this region is its talent pool. Moreover the cheap quality of labour that is available in these places makes it a win-win situation for the outsourcing companies (United States Agency for International Development, 2009). Overview of the situation China is fast emerging as an important outsourcing destination and is soon expected to give stiff competition to India in a matter of few years. The cost advantage that the clients can generate from outsourcing their work to the country is estimated at 70 percent of the salaries that the company has to shell out in US. However, there are things that a company has to consider other than the labour costs. This includes efficiency, reliability, work quality, communication skills, fle xibility and issues relating to culture which are equally important in framing an outsourcing strategy. With this the macro factors like geopolitical risks are also considered at the time of formulating an outsourcing strategy. China is often hailed as an important outsourcing destination on account of its low cost. In fact China is considered to be cheaper than India. In the words of Bryan Huang, Bearing Point Great China’s President, the service of an engineer costs approximately $4000 per month in US whereas this amounts to merely $500 per month in China. In fact in some places like Dalian or Xian the salary is close to $250 per month. In other words the cost is merely one-sixth or one- eighth in China. China is still in the nascent stage when it comes to its position in the outsourcing industry. The availability of talent pool is also a risk factor in the country. Even though there is abundant supply of cheap labour in the country the quality of the labour force is a seri ous issue. This is mainly due to emerging nature of the industry in China. In fact the companies face difficulties in hiring people having an experience in the sector. In terms of Individualism ranking the country is placed at 20, which is the lowest among all the other Asian countries. This implies that the people of the country prefer to live in ‘groups’ which indicates their preference for commitment and closeness. This has a

Organizational theory and design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Organizational theory and design - Assignment Example According to Tseng (2003), mass customization is production of services as well as products that meet customer’s needs at personal level. This is where the customized products reflect the normal production cost but unlike a normal product, they meet more needs. Firms, just like manufactures, have their main objective as customer satisfaction. Therefore, incorporating mass customization in firms will greatly impact in service provision and customer satisfaction. There are various types of mass customization that firms can put into consideration in implementing mass customization. These types include transparent customization, adaptive customization, collaborative customization, and cosmetic customization. Collaborative customization involves seeking firsthand information from specific customers on the kind of product they would prefer. On other hand, adaptive customization is where a firm produces products that are standard and customizable to the hands of the final user while transparent customization involves production of unique for specific customers. Finally, cosmetic customization involves producing a standard product but they are marketed in unique ways to different customers. For firms to succeed in mass customization they need to capitalize on investigating more on customers’ needs in relation to service provision. This can be achieved through market research such as identifying the market niche that need to be satisfied, its uniqueness and finally the target market. For example, in the banking sector the services are custom made according to the needs, age, gender, and income levels of its customers. Superior management in any firm involves the managers personally coping with situations that ought to be learned through the help of their experience and interpretation of the surrounding environment (Pine and Davis, 1999). Formal training

Allied and Central Powers :: essays research papers

Allied Powers Fance has not forgotton its humiliating defeat at the hands of Germany in 1871. France was waiting for the chance to reestablish its power on the continent. France was willing to ally itself with another longtime enemy, Britain, to strenghten its hand against Germany. Great Britain had traditionally followed a policy of neutrality, which served it well. Yet some Britains were now calling for a new alliances, to counter the rising power of the German Empire. Britain depended on industrial strength for survival. Germany was a threat to that strength, as well as to Britains naval power. Russia had been defeated by the Japanese in 1905 and was troubled by unrest within borders. Russia felt a need to prove its strength to the other nations of Europe. It also desired to extend its influence and protection over Slavs in Balkan countries. Central Powers The German Empire had been created in 1871. Included in its territory were the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, taken from France. Now Germany was the leading power on the Continent. But Germany was not secure. Directly to the west was France, waiting for the chance to reclaim Alsace-Lorraine. To the east was Russia, recently allied with France. And on the seas the rapidly growing German navy competed with the more powerful British navy. The Austro-Hungarian, Empire was not a nation of one people, but an empire of many nationalitites. The peoples that made up the empire were mainly Austrians, Hungarians, and Slavs. But the Austrians and Hungarians ruled the empire. Many SLavs who lived in the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina wanted to be part of the new nation of Serbia. Furthermore, Rumania and Italy had designs on territory within the empire. Russian ambitions in the Balkans brought them into conflict with the Austro-Hungarians.

Day After Tomorrow

FTER Hollywood cinema and climate change: The Day After Tomorrow. Ingram, David. In Words on Water: Literary and Cultural Representations, Devine, Maureen and Christa Grewe-Volpp (eds. ) (Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2008). Climate change, like many other environmental problems, is slow to develop, not amenable to simple or fast solutions, and caused by factors that are both invisible and complex (Adam 17).Making a narrative film about climate change therefore does not fit easily into the commercial formulae of mainstream Hollywood, which favour human-interest stories in which individual protagonists undergo a moral transformation before they resolve their problems through heroic action in the final act. Can such classical narratives mediate an issue as complex as climate change without being not only inadequate, but even dangerous, lulling their audience into a false sense of security about our ability to deal with such problems?Ecocritic Richard Kerridge observes that a British journalist responded to the nuclear accident at Chernobyl in 1986 by framing it within the familiar narrative of the Second World War, with its emphasis on ‘a successful outcome and a narrative closure'. For Kerridge, such narrative strategies may be an overly reassuring way of representing environmental threats, and reveal therefore that the ‘real, material ecological crisis' is ‘also a cultural crisis, a crisis of representation' (Kerridge 4).Yet, as Jim Collins argues, ‘mass-mediated cultures', including those of popular Hollywood cinema, are characterised by ‘semiotic complexities of meaning production', which leave even popular, generic texts open to multiple interpretations (Collins 17). Film theorist Stephen Prince describes a Hollywood movie as a ‘polysemous, multivalent set of images, characters, and narrative situations', which therefore constitute what he calls an ‘ideological agglomeration', rather than a single, coherent ideological position (Prince 40).This polysemy may arise from the Hollywood industry's commercial intention to maximize profits by appealing to as wide and diverse an audience as possible by making movies which, ideologically speaking, seek to have it all ways at once. One consequence is that, when we theorize about the effects popular movies may or may not have on public awareness of environmental issues, those effects are more complex, and less deterministic, than is often assumed is some academic film theories.This essay will explore the range of meanings generated by The Day After Tomorrow (2004), which frames the issue of anthropogenic climate change within the familiar genres of the disaster and science fiction movie. Ideological analysis of the film, combined with a study of its audience reception, suggests that even a classical Hollywood narrative can generate a degree of ideological ambiguity which makes it open to various interpretations, both liberal and conservative. Th e ideological ambiguity of The Day After Tomorrow derives in part from the way its narrative mixes the modes of realism, fantasy and melodrama.A realist film will attempt to correspond to what we understand as reality, mainly through the optical realism of its mise-en-scene and the sense of psychological plausibility produced by both its script and the performance of its actors. Melodrama, on the other hand, will simplify character and heighten action and emotion beyond the everyday. Hollywood movies tend to work by moving between these two modes of representation. Some genres, such as science fiction and horror, also move between realism and fantasy, a mode which exceeds realist plausibility by creating a totally fictive and impossible diegetic world.As a science fiction movie, then, The Day After Tomorrow deliberately blurs the distinction between realism and fantasy. The narrative begins from a scientifically plausible premise: the melting of the Artic ice-cap, caused by anthropo genic global warming, cools the North Atlantic Current, colloquially known as the ‘Gulf Stream', and thereby affects the weather in the Northern hemisphere. The movie then extrapolates from this premise beyond even the worst-case scenarios proposed by climate scientists.The switching off of the thermohaline current generates a global superstorm, as a result of which an ice sheet covers Scotland and a tsunami floods Manhattan. The movie's literary source, it is worth noting, was The Coming Global Superstorm (1999), by Art Bell and Whitely Streiber, whose television talk show on the paranormal suggests an interest in the ‘parascientific'; that is, in speculation beyond what is provable or falsifiable by scientific method. When interpreted literally, that is, as realism, The Day After Tomorrow clearly violates notions of scientific plausibility.The basic climatology in the movie is inaccurate: hurricanes can only form over large bodies of warm water, not the cold seas found in high latitudes, where polar lows are the main storm systems. The movie also distorts the science of climate change, mainly by accelerating the time frame within which its effects take place, and by making them much worse than predicted. Any slowdown in the thermohaline current would take a period of years, at least, and probably centuries, rather than the days featured in the film.Moreover, even if the North Atlantic Current did switch off, average temperatures would still be likely to rise, rather than fall, because of the greenhouse gasses already in the atmosphere (Henson 112-5). The film's central narrative, in which government paleoclimatologist Jack Hall (Dennis Quaid) walks in sub-zero temperatures all the way from north of Philadelphia to the New York Public Library, to rescue his son Sam (Jake Gyllenhall) who is sheltering there, is thus impossible: neither would survive such low temperatures.For helicopters to freeze in mid-air, temperatures would not only be too cold for snow, but also too cold for human survival. Burning books in a library would be insufficient to keep people alive. Such implausibilities are worth pointing out, not because cinema audiences necessarily take what they see as scientific truth, but because science fiction often provides an opportunity to learn some real science. Indeed, as we will see later in this essay, environmental groups used the release of the movie as a ‘teachable moment' on the science of climate change (Leiserowitz 6).The two-disc DVD edition of the movie includes a documentary on the science of climate change; screenwriter Jeffrey Nachmanoff commented on its release that, although ‘our primary concern' in making the film ‘was entertainment rather than education. On the DVD, there's room for both'. Acknowledging that the time frame he created for the movie was accelerated for fictional purposes, and that the ‘superfreeze' was ‘purely a cinematic device', he added that ‘t he political, agricultural and societal consequences of a sudden change in the ocean currents would still be catastrophic' (Nachmanoff 1).To dismiss The Day After Tomorrow purely for its scientific inaccuracies, then, clearly misses the point of the movie, which is to use realist elements of climate science as a starting point for melodrama and fantasy, so that it can dwell on the spectacle of extreme weather, appropriate for a blockbuster disaster movie, and also invite the audience's emotional engagement with the human-interest story that becomes the main focus of narrative. It is to these elements in the film that we will now turn.As a ‘natural disaster' melodrama, the film works on an opposition between nature and civilization, and invites an ambiguous identification on the part of the viewer: in Hollywood terms, we are invited to ‘root for' both nature and civilization at various points in the narrative, although the values of civilization eventually become the domi nant ones. Before that happens, however, the scenes of extreme weather make the experience of environmental apocalypse strangely attractive. As Maurice Yacowar observes, the natural disaster movie ‘dramatizes people's helplessness against the forces of nature' (Yacowar 218).The set pieces of extreme weather in The Day After Tomorrow reveal the sublime power of wild nature: violent, chaotic, powerful beyond human control, and therefore exciting and seductive. Environmentalist Paul Hawken writes that the concept of doomsday ‘has always had a perverse appeal, waking us from our humdrum existence to the allure of a future harrowing drama' (Hawken 204). As Stephen Keane points out, although disaster movies regularly feature television news reports commenting on the events that are taking place, they do not go on ‘to make the critical point that we are all electronic voyeurs' (Keane 84).The Day After Tomorrow follows this pattern. The audience's complicity in seeking cin ematic thrills in the scenarios of mass death and destruction caused by the weather is encouraged, rather than questioned, by the movie itself. Indeed, such thrills are the raison d'etre of its genre. Yet the aesthetics of the sublime have always been based on vicariousness; if we take pleasure in the destructive forces of nature, it is from the safe distance of our movie seats, where we are in the position of voyeurs, rather than of victims.This construction of victimhood in the disaster movie depends on narrative alignment: when people die, we do not dwell on them, nor on the bereaved people they leave behind. Typical of the disaster genre, the focus of nature's destructiveness in The Day After Tomorrow is the city. Hollywood disaster movies, writes Geoff King, share with millennial groups ‘a certain delirious investment in the destruction of the metropolis' (King 158). When a series of tornadoes attack Los Angeles, the mise-en-scene focuses on familiar landmarks: the Hollyw ood sign, the Capitol Records building, and a billboard advertising the model Angelyne.Screenwriter Jeffrey Nachmanoff observes on the DVD commentary that preview audiences greeted the moment where the Angelyne sign flattens the television reporter with cheers and applause (Emmerich). The sense of retribution is difficult to avoid: perhaps there is poetic justice in the media figure, parasitical on other people's suffering, finding his nemesis in Angelyne, the model and aspiring actress who paid to advertise herself on her own billboards, and thus became for some emblematic of the meretricious values of the city.As Mike Davis observes, Los Angeles is often given special treatment in apocalyptic narratives. ‘No other city,' he writes, ‘seems to excite such dark rapture'. Unlike other cities, the destruction of Los Angeles ‘is often depicted as, or at least secretly experienced as, a victory for civilization' (Davis 277). Geoff King draws upon Mikhail Bakhtin's notio n of the ‘carnivalesque' to account for such moments of ‘licensed enjoyment of destruction', based on an ‘overturning of cultural norms' (King 162). But the destruction is too cruel, as well as unfocussed and generalised, to be simply an anti-authoritarian gesture.As Susan Sontag noted, science fiction films provide a ‘morally acceptable fantasy where one can give outlet to cruel or at least amoral feelings' (Sontag 215). Freud's notion of the ‘death wish' thus better captures the dark side of such fantasies. For Freud, such aggressions were natural drives that need to be controlled; art provides catharsis for such anti-social instincts. Patricia Mellencamp draws on Freud to argue that American television is both ‘shock and therapy; it both produces and discharges anxiety' (Mellencamp 246).The disaster movie works in a similar way, mobilising and exploiting our negative drives and emotions. But are there unconscious meanings specific to the natura l disaster movie? One reading of such movies is as ‘revenge of nature' narratives, which enact a fantasy of nature getting its own back for its mistreatment at the hands of human beings. Psychoanalyst Karl Figlio draws on the theories of Melanie Klein to argue that scientific thinking itself is an act of repressive violence towards Nature. ‘Nature killed,' he writes, ‘is nature in a vengeful mood, a primitive retaliatory phantasy that fuels apocalyptic forebodings.The more scientific the culture, the more it is at the mercy of irrational fears, and the more it is dependent on scientific protection from them' (Figlio 72). He cites Mary Shelley's Frankenstein as an ‘extreme example of scientific mapping that calls forth revenge from nature' (75). According to this reading, then, when we watch nature getting its revenge, we as viewers are able to purge our guilt about its degradation. However, as Yacowar notes, the moral attitude of the typical disaster movie is ambiguous. Poetic justice in disaster films,' he writes, ‘derives from the assumption that there is some relationship between a person's due and his or her doom'. However, this notion breaks down when the ‘good die with the evil' (Yacowar 232). The Day After Tomorrow works according to these generic expectations, with Nature at times appearing amoral in its destructiveness, and at other times, a force of moral retribution and punishment. The arrogant businessmen who bribe the bus driver, and the corruptible bus driver himself, get their comeuppance when they drown in the tidal wave that engulfs Manhattan.Jeffrey Nachmanoff reveals in the DVD commentary that, in an early draft of the script, the businessman had been negotiating an insider deal with the Japanese businessman killed by the hailstorm in Tokyo (Emmerich). In the final version, the latter lies to his wife on his cell phone moments before his death. The ethical critique in these scenes fits into the ideological agenda of many disaster films. As King writes, such films ‘include an element of criticism of capitalism, but this is a gesture that for the most part leaves its core values largely intact.A few ‘excesses' are singled out, such as the greedy cost-cutting that undermines the integrity of the eponymous star of The Towering Inferno, leaving the remainder mostly untouched' (King 153). In The Day After Tomorrow, then, greedy, self-interested individuals are punished. Yet innocent people also die in the movie, including the climate scientists who freeze to death in Scotland, led by the avuncular Terry Rapson (Ian Holm), and Jack's friend Frank (Jay O. Sanders), who falls to his death through the roof of a building, after cutting his own rope to prevent his friends from endangering their lives in trying to rescue him.These are figures of heroic sacrifice, also central to the disaster genre, because they bring out the redemptive aspects of the apocalypse. The film does not stat e clearly where the British royal family stand in this hierarchy of innocence and guilt: what is clear, is that death by climate change is no respecter of class privilege and wealth. The disaster movie, then, is about which values are the key to survival. The rescue of the innocent, French-speaking African family is thus crucial in einforcing the movie's ethical hierarchy based on racial, national and gender differences: they are saved by the white American woman (Laura), who in turn is saved by the white American male (Sam), thereby enacting in miniature two important themes in the movie. The most important of these is the narrative of male heroism and redemption. Melodrama, writes Linda Williams, is about a ‘retrieval and staging of innocence' (Williams 7). In this film, the melodramatic plot of father rescuing son makes the moral point that hard-working fathers need to take a more active role in bringing up their sons.The movie implies that, although millions of people may be dead, if one American family can be saved, then at least some good has come out of the eco-apocalypse. This message is more liberal, or at least not as unambiguously patriarchal, as in earlier disaster movies. In keeping with Stephen Prince's notion of ideological agglomeration, mentioned earlier, although Jack's wife is a doctor, she ends up playing the role of surrogate mother to a seven-year old boy with cancer, separated from his parents by the storm.The movie can thus be interpreted as either liberal (she is a doctor) or conservative (she is placed in the stereotypical female role of nurturer). The second important theme in the movie is the United States' self-appointed role as global protector-policeman. The rescue narrative trumpets the frontier values of male physical heroism, strong leadership and individualism, encapsulated by the iconic image of the torch of the Statue of Liberty emerging from the waves of the tsunami that engulfs Manhattan.However, America's role in w orld politics is also questioned by a more liberal discourse in the movie, when American refugees are forced to flee illegally into Mexico, in an ironic reversal of the real politics on the national border. This ironic reversal is itself made ambiguous, though, when later the United States government writes off all Third World debt, but in return, wins the right for its citizens to live as ‘guests' in those countries. It should be noted that not all Hollywood movies with environmental themes are as individualistic in their proposed solutions as The Day After Tomorrow.Some have endorsed more collective forms of action, even in narratives led by strong individuals: an image of placard-waving protestors recurs in Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home (1995) and Fly Away Home (1996) as a sign of collective resistance. Ultimately, The Day After Tomorrow prefers American notions of liberal individualism, which it turns into universal values by identifying them with human civilization as a whole. Indeed, civilization, rather than wild nature, becomes the real object of audience identification by the end.The choice of the New York Public Library as the place of sanctuary and rescue is significant in this respect. One of the survivors makes sure he preserves the Gutenberg Bible from burning, not because he believes in God, he says, but because, as the first book ever printed, it represents ‘the dawn of the age of reason'. ‘If Western civilization is finished', he adds, ‘I'm going to save at least one little piece of it'. Ultimately, then, the movie celebrates reason and science as the values most central to Western civilization. Unusually for a Hollywood disaster movie, scientists are neither evil nor incompetent.As Yacowar notes, specialists in disaster movies, including scientists, ‘are almost never able to control the forces loose against them'. The genre thus serves ‘the mystery that dwarfs science' (Yacowar 228). This is also true of The Day After Tomorrow, in that the scientists are unable to contain the devastating effects of climate change once they have begun. ‘Ultimately,' writes ecocritic Sylvia Mayer, ‘the movie makes the point that the most advanced and dedicated scientific work is still powerless against the forces of nature once they are unleashed' (Mayer 111).Nevertheless, the scientists are the heroes of the movie. Their advice on the risks of climate change was ignored by the politicians until it was too late. As the director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration angrily tells the Vice-President: ‘You didn't want to heat about the science when it would have made a difference'. The scientists' computer models prove correct: in the movie, unlike in real life, climate science provides the clear, certain and unambiguous knowledge necessary for survival.Moreover, advanced technology is ultimately a force for good. Jack is able to locate his son in the Public Library un der the frozen wastes of Manhattan because of his friend's portable satellite navigation system (which, of course, would not work in such a massive storm). He is also seen driving a hybrid Toyota Prius earlier in the film. Reason, science and technology thus win the day. However, as Sylvia Mayer also notes, the movie stops short of simplistically advocating a technological fix for environmental problems as complex as climate change (Mayer 117).The values of civilization finally triumph over the destructive forces of wild nature when the pack of wolves, which escaped from Central Park Zoo earlier in the movie, return to attack Sam and his friends when they are searching for medicine and food. That the wolves are computer-generated special effects only adds an extra layer of irony to the triumph of civilization and benign technology in the movie. Indeed, the movie itself can be seen as a paean to the imaginative power of Computer Generated Imaging.In Eco Media (2005), Sean Cubitt argu es that The Lord of the Rings trilogy (2002-3) can be read as a celebration of the computer technologies from which it was made, which are an artisanal mode of production that demonstrates a creative place for technology within ‘green' thinking. There is an ‘increasing belief', he suggests, ‘that through the development of highly technologised creative industries, it is possible to devise a mode of economic development that does not compromise the land' (Cubitt 10). The thematic resolution of The Day After Tomorrow is ambiguous, however.The ending of the movie follows the recurrent pattern of the genre identified by Geoff King, in which ‘the possibility of apocalyptic destruction is confronted and depicted with a potentially horrifying special effects/spectacular ‘reality', only to be withdrawn or limited in its extent' (King 145). Typically, then, destruction is extensive, but total apocalypse is prevented at the last moment. The superstorm passes, the reby confirming Jack's earlier opinion that the storms will last ‘until the imbalance that created them is corrected' by ‘a global realignment'.Gazing at a beautiful, calm Earth, an astronaut in the International Space Station comments that he has ‘never seen the air so clear'. In Winston Wheeler Dixon's phrase, this could be the ‘exit point for the viewer' that disaster movies invariably provide (Dixon 133); the moment where the audience is let off the hook with a simplistic, evasive solution to the seemingly intractable problem explored in the rest of the movie. To return to the question posed at the start of this essay, does such an ending merely encourage evasion, denial and complacency in regard to issues such as anthropogenic climate change?Dixon argues that contemporary American cinema serves those who ‘wish to toy with the themes of destruction', from movies about atomic apocalypse to those that flirt with Nazism. This cinematic ‘cult of d eath', he concludes, is ‘the ultimate recreation' for an exhausted, media-saturated culture, a cult which ‘remains remote, carefully contained within a box of homicidal and genocidal dreams' (Dixon 139). But the ideological ambiguity of The Day After Tomorrow, as well as its audience reception, suggests that the process of interpretation is more open and varied than this.From an environmentalist perspective, the melodramatic ending of the film is ambiguous. No matter what human beings do, it appears, the Earth will heal itself. According to this reading, the message of the movie is that, because the storm eventually passes, we don't need to worry. This message resembles the right-wing appropriation of the Gaia hypothesis; that is, the idea, proposed by the British chemist James Lovelock, that the Earth as a whole is a self-regulating system in a natural state of homeostatic balance.In his 1999 book Hard Green: Saving the Environment from the Environmentalists, Peter Hube r used the concept of Gaia to justify a conservative manifesto that called for the dismantling of existing environmental regulations. The ‘most efficient way to control' pollutants such as greenhouses gases, he argued, ‘is not to worry about them at all. Let them be. Leave them to Gaia' (Huber 128). The notion of Gaia, we should note, is not the sole property of New Age environmentalists or deep ecologists.According to this interpretation, the movie appears to endorse the idea that humanity, through a combination of ingenuity, courage and chance, can survive whatever Nature may throw at us, an argument used by conservatives like Huber to justify a non-interventionist approach to environmental issues. It is a mistake, however, to assume that the final moments of a movie, when narrative closure is achieved, dictate its overall meaning. An analogy may be drawn here with the critical analysis of the role of women in film noir.As Janey Place argues of the female characters in films such as Double Indemnity (1946), ‘it is not their inevitable demise we remember but rather their strong, dangerous, and above all, exciting sexuality' (Place 48). In a similar way, the most memorable images in The Day After Tomorrow are probably the scenes of extreme weather. The main advertising image for the movie showed the shot of the hand of the Statue of Liberty held above the storm surge: an image of survival which at least includes a sense of struggle, rather than the calm, reposeful Earth revealed at the close of the film.Indeed, the above interpretation of the film as conservative is contradicted by its more explicit message, which advocated liberal political reform in the election year of 2004. Early in the film, Vice-President Becker, played by an actor who bears an obvious resemblance to Dick Cheney, refuses to listen to the advice of scientists on global warming, arguing that to take action would harm the American economy. In another reference to George W. Bush's presidency, we are told that the administration in the movie has also refused to sign up to the Kyoto Protocol on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.At the end of the movie, Becker, now President, appears on television to apologise to the nation out of a newfound sense of humility: ‘For years we operated under the belief that we could continue consuming our planet's natural resources without consequence. We were wrong. I was wrong'. Perhaps the most unbelievable part of the whole movie, the President's public apology confirms the words of the African-American homeless man earlier in the film, who refers to people with their ‘cars and their exhausts, and they're just polluting the atmosphere'.The disaster has been a wake-up call for America, and the new start will allow for the changes in lifestyle necessary for a more sustainable future. The government will also change its attitude to the Third World from one of arrogance to gratitude. In these moments, th e movie works as a secular form of jeremiad; ‘secular' because the environmental catastrophe is not seen as punishment from God, but as human-created. Opie and Elliott argue that both ‘implementational and evocative strategies' are necessary in successful jeremiads, and cite Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) as a powerful exemplar (Opie and Elliott 35).The Day After Tomorrow also uses both pathos and rational argument to convince its audience of the need to take steps to avoid environmental catastrophe. Critical speculation on the effectiveness or otherwise of making a disaster movie about global warming can draw on the conclusions of an empirical study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research of the reception of the movie in Germany. This found that the movie did not appear to reinforce feelings of fatalism in its audience. Less than 10% of the sample agreed with the statement, ‘There's nothing we can do anyway', whereas 82% preferred, ‘We hav e to stop climate change'. Reusswig). Indeed, the Potsdam study makes hopeful reading for environmentalists. It found that the publicity surrounding the film triggered a new interest in climate change, and raised some issues previously unfamiliar to audiences, such as the role of oceans in global warming. A similar study of reception in the United States concluded that the film ‘led moviegoers to have higher levels of concern and worry about global warming, to estimate various impacts on the United States as more likely, and to shift their conceptual understanding of the climate system toward a threshold model.Further, the movie encouraged watchers to engage in personal, political, and social action to address climate change and to elevate global warming as a national priority'. However, whether such changes constituted merely a ‘momentary blip' in public perceptions remained to be seen (Leiserowitz 7). These empirical studies are important because they show that audienc e reception is a more complex and variable process than it is sometimes taken for in film theory. According to some versions of psychoanalytic ‘subject positioning' theory, Hollywood movies like The Day After Tomorrow tend to render spectators passive.Under the influence of Bertolt Brecht's theories of narrative, film academics such Colin McCabe and Steven Heath argued that only modernist or avant-garde narrative techniques can produce a more active (even revolutionary) film spectator. As the 1992 textbook New Vocabularies in Film Semiotics puts it, psychoanalytic film theory ‘sees the viewer not as a person, a flesh-and-blood individual, but as an artificial construct, produced and activated by the cinematic apparatus' (Stam 147). In his book The Crisis of Political Modernism (1999), D.N. Rodowick exposes the flaws in such thinking. The politics of political modernism, he writes, assume ‘an intrinsic and intractable relation between texts and their spectators, reg ardless of the historical or social context of that relation' (Rodowick 34). But film viewers are flesh-and-blood individuals, and when they are treated as such by film theorists and researchers, the phenomenon of film reception becomes more complex and nuanced, and less deterministic and stereotyped, than that imagined by subject positioning theory.Empirical audience research shows that we do not all watch the same movie in the same way, and that audience responses are complexly determined by a long list of variables, such as nation, region, locality, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, race and, last but certainly not least, individual temperament. When we look at the public reception of The Day After Tomorrow, then, it is clear that different interest groups appropriated the movie in different ways.Both sides of the public debate about climate change interpreted the movie within a realist framework, either positively or negatively, and produced selective readings in order to fur ther their own agendas. Patrick Michaels, one of the minority of scientists who stills rejects the idea of human-created climate change, pointed out the scientific flaws in the movie, and damned Hollywood for irresponsibly playing into the hands of liberal environmentalists by exaggerating the threat of global warming (Michaels 1).Liberal-left environmental campaigners also understood that the movie's foundation in science was flawed. However, they found its scientific exaggerations and inaccuracies less important than what they saw as its realistic portrayal of the American government's denial of the scientific evidence for global warming. As former Vice-President Al Gore put it, ‘there are two sets of fiction to deal with. One is the movie, the other is the Bush administration's presentation of global warming' (Mooney 1). Gore joined with the liberal Internet advocacy organization MoveOn. rg, which used the movie's release as an opportunity to organize a national advocacy ca mpaign on climate change. Senators McCain and Lieberman also used the movie to promote the reintroduction of their Climate Stewardship Act in Congress (Nisbet 1). Greenpeace endorsed the ‘underlying premise' of the film, that ‘extreme weather events are already on the rise, and global warming can be expected to make them more frequent and more severe'. It summed up its response to the movie with the line: ‘Fear is justified' (Greenpeace 1-2).The use of this movie to encourage environmental debate suggests that it is perhaps only if Hollywood movies like The Day After Tomorrow are people's sole, or even main, source of information on the environment that we should worry. As Sylvia Mayer argues, Hollywood environmentalist movies ‘have the potential to contribute to the development of an ‘environmentally informed sense of self' that is characterised by an awareness of environmental threats, by the wish to gain more effective knowledge about them and by a d isposition to participate actively in efforts to remedy the problem' (Mayer 107).In this respect, a classical, Hollywood-style narrative does not necessarily inculcate or reinforce a feeling a complacency or denial it its audience. In any case, no narrative can be as complex as the reality to which it refers; all art is a process of simplifying, selecting and giving shape to reality. Classical narrative forms and genre movies such as The Day After Tomorrow can focus thought and provide an imaginative and provocative response to environmental crisis. WORKS CITED Adam, Barbara (1998), Timescapes of Modernity: The Environment and Invisible Hazards, Routledge, London and New York.Bell, Art and Streiber, Whitely (1999), The Coming Global Superstorm, Pocket Star Books, New York. Collins, Jim (1989), Uncommon Cultures: Popular Culture and Post-Modernism, Routledge, New York and London. Cubitt, Sean (2005), Eco Media, Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York. Davis, Mike (1998), Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster, Henry Holt and Co. , New York. Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2003), Visions of the Apocalypse: Spectacles of Destruction in American Cinema, Wallflower Press, London and New York.Emmerich, Roland, director (2004), The Day After Tomorrow, 20th Century Fox, Two-disc DVD. Figlio, Karl (1996). ‘Knowing, loving and hating nature: a psychoanalytic view' in George Robertson, Melinda Mash, Lisa Tickner, Jon Bird, Barry Curtis and Tim Putnam (eds), FutureNatural: Nature, science, culture, Routledge, London and New York. Greenpeace International (2004). ‘Big screen vs big oil'. http://www. greenpeace. org/international/news/the-day-after-tomorrow, 1-4. Hawken, Paul (1993), The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability, HarperCollins, New York.Henson, Robert (2006), The Rough Guide to Climate Change, Rough Guides, London. Huber, Peter (1999), Hard Green: Saving the Environment from the Environmentalists: A Conservative Manifesto, Basic Books, New York. Keane, Stephen (2001), Disaster Movies, Wallflower Press, London. Kerridge, Richard (1998), ‘Introduction', in Richard Kerridge and Neil Sammels (eds), Writing the Environment: Ecocriticism and Literature. Zed Books, London and New York. King, Geoff (2000), Spectacular Narratives: Hollywood in the Age of the Blockbuster, London and New York, I. B. Tauris.Lieserowitz, Anthony A (2004), ‘Before and After The Day After Tomorrow: A U. S. study of climate change risk perception. ‘ Environment. 46 (9), 22-37. www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1076/is_9_46/ai_n856541/print, 1-12. Mayer, Sylvia (2006), ‘Teaching Hollywood Environmentalist Movies: The Example of The Day After Tomorrow', in Sylvia Mayer and Graham Wilson (eds), Ecodidactic Perspectives on English Languages, Literatures and Cultures, Trier, WVT. Mellencamp, Patricia (1990), ‘TV Time and Catastrophe, or Beyond the Pleasure Principle of Television', in Logics of Television, ed.P atricia Mellencamp, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Michaels, Patrick J. (2004), ‘Apocalypse Soon? No, but This Movie (And Democrats) Hope You'll Think So. ‘ The Washington Post, May 16th 2004, B01. www. washingtonpost. com/ac2/wp-dyn/A28338-2004May14? language=printer Mooney, Chris (2004), ‘Learning From Nonsense? ‘, Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, http://www. csicop. org/doubtandabout/global-warming Nachmanoff, Jeffrey (2004), ‘Jeffrey Nachmanoff on The Day After Tomorrow'. http:// www. amazon. co. uk/gp/feature. html.Nisbet, Matthew (2004), ‘Evaluating the Impact of The Day After Tomorrow: Can a Blockbuster Film Shape the Public's Understanding of a Science Controversy? ‘, Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, http://www. csicop. org/ Opie, John and Elliott, Norbert (1996), ‘Tracking the Elusive Jeremiad: The Rhetorical Character of American Environmental Discourse', in James G. Cantrill and Christine L. Oravec (eds), The Symboli c Earth: Discourse and Our Creation of the Environment, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington. Place, Janey (1978), ‘Women in Film Noir', in E. Ann Kaplan (ed), Women in Film Noir.BFI, London. Prince, Stephen (1992), Visions of Empire: Political Imagery in Contemporary American Film. Praeger, New York. Reusswig, Fritz, Scwarzkopf, Julia and Pohlenz, Philipp (2004), ‘Double Impact: The Climate Blockbuster ‘The Day After Tomorrow' and its impact on the German Cinema Public. ‘ PIK Report 92, Potsdam, 1-61. http://www. pik-potsdam. de/research/publications/pikereports/summary-report-n-92 Rodowick, D. N. (1999), The Crisis of Political Modernism: Criticism and Ideology in Contemporary Film Theory, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Sontag, Susan (2001), Against Interpretation, Vintage, London. Stam, Robert, Burgoyne, Robert and Flitterman-Lewis, Sandy (1992), New Vocabularies in Film Semiotics: Structuralism, post-structuralism and beyond, Routledg e, London and New York. Williams, Linda (1998), ‘Melodrama Revisited', in Nick Browne (ed), Refiguring American Film Genres, University of California Press, London. Yacowar, Maurice (1986), ‘The Bug in the Rug: Notes on the Disaster Genre', in Barry Keith Grant (ed), Film Genre Reader, University of Texas Press, Austin.