Constantly Risking Absurdity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Constantly Risking Absurdity - Essay Example The poem has a complex structure, though exciting as the reader follows the author through the swinging motions that the poet has chosen to present the poem similar to the swinging of an acrobat walking on a thin rope. Therefore, the poet utilizes imagery and diction in comparing the process of writing a poem to the performance of an acrobat in front of a large crowd, and risks death if he falls from the wire. The author reveals to the audience that he compares writing a poem to an acrobat in line 6; â€Å"the poet like and acrobat.† This line forms the main theme of the poem and is platform on which the poem is hinged. The author does not only compare the poet to an acrobat, but also explains that the two share the same predicament, hence the use of â€Å"like and† in line 6. From this line, the author introduces the public to the death or survival of the poem, which the author compares to the life or death of an acrobat. In other words, just as the acrobat risks death by hanging dangerously on a thin wire, so does the poet risk death by facing the scrutiny of people. If the poem does not impress the public, the audience will certainly trash it and that will be the end of the poem. The author in this case warns that the work of poets faces death if they fail to impress and exceed the expectations of the audience, just as the acrobat makes the audience watch in suspense as h e do his gymnastics. Similar to the acrobat’s wire, the poet has to have â€Å"a high wire of his own† (line 8). Just as an acrobat has to use theatrics and creativity to impress the crowd and showcase his mystery while walking on the thin wire, a poet has to use similar theatrics to impress the audience. In fact, the author inline 14 states that â€Å"slight-of-foot and other high theatrics,† all which the poet has to use to impress the audience. The poet in this poem uses such theatrics by presenting the poem in swinging style, which

Define Culture Essay Example for Free

Define Culture Essay â€Å"A person without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.†- Marcus Garvey. This says that a person is defined by his or her culture by the way he/she acts, thinks, and speaks. A person is defined by his or her culture by the way he or she thinks. A person see’s the world differently so the way they think and act would be distinct. They would think differently because of the different backgrounds that they have. In the story â€Å"Imagine†, it says â€Å"you may say I’m a dreamer, but I’m not the only one. I hope someday you’ll join us and the world will live as one†. John Lennon explains how people think he’s different because of what he is. He also says how people aren’t all the same but he wishes that one day we were. He wishes that one day we will all see the world the same and we would be the same. A person is defined by his or her culture by the way he or she’s history, family tree, and he or she’s way of life. A person is defined by his or her culture because it effects the way they act or speak. In the story â€Å"Where I’m From,† George States â€Å"leaf fall from the family tree† This example from the text explains that every detail, moment, or where she is from in the poem is from her family tree. It’s saying the poem are moments or cultural things that effected her or shaped her as a person. The things she shares in the poem are all from her families history or culture (family tree). Although others may argue that culture doesn’t effect your education, other people don’t always agree,because their culture has taught them everything they know.An example on how culture defines your education is that people can attend any school , but when they are being taught, they realize that it is different from what they know. In the story, â€Å"An Indian Father’s Plea,† the protagonist argues, â€Å"My son is culturally â€Å"different.† If you ask him how many months are in a year he will probably tell you 13. He will respond this way not because he doesn’t know how to count but because he was taught by our people that there are 13 full moons in a year.† This quote demonstrates that even though he is Indian, he is culturally different because his culture has taught him what he knows. Your families history, education, and your view or the way you think all contribute on how your culture defines you. It’s obvious that any person would benefit from he or she’s culture.

Essay --

Ethical Issues Regarding Genetic Engineering and the Threat of Biological Weapons â€Å"advances in biotechnology ... have the potential to create a much more dangerous biological warfare threat ... engineered biological agents could be worse than any disease known to man.† (Central Intelligence Agency) Recent developments in genomics and biotechnology are unquestionably creating a range of political, environmental, and ethical challenges for developed societies. They also have the potential for harsh repercussions for international peace and security. These advances open up great avenues for the invention of new biological weapons. Genetically engineered â€Å"superbugs,† which can be resistant to antibiotic treatments and can be highly lethal, are only the beginning to this concern. The possibility of designing completely new biological weapons on the foundation of existing biomedical research have proved to be much more disturbing. Weapons that have been created for modern kinds of conflicts and warfare situations, secret operations, or missions involving sabotage, are more and more becoming a reality that we have to deal with (van aken). New instruments and techniques for investigating and altering an organism's genetic material have resulted in an increased danger of biowarfare (van aken). The circumstances where the outcomes of scientific research, which was at first well-intentioned, can be used for both good and harmful purposes give rise to what is now commonly known as the â€Å"dual-use dilemma.† It is an ethical problem since it is about promoting good, while at the same time has the potential for also causing injury and destruction. It is a dilemma for the person performing the research because of the actions of other people that... ...o doubt that more technical possibilities will arise in the years to come. With these new discoveries comes the potential for military abuse too. Because it is currently so easy to not only research but transport anything internationally – including genetically engineered disease organisms along with human and animal vectors – scenarios of plagues and disease outbreaks are not that distant. (Dudley) International and local efforts to increase investigation, detection, and reporting of disease pathogens, and to better understand the dynamics of disease transmission within and among populations will greatly enhance our ability to combat the effects of bioweapons and emerging diseases (Dudley). Following an ethical code of conduct, and promoting awareness of the real danger of biological weapons are just a couple things that scientists can do to help deter the threat.

The Woman With No Name in Monte Hellmans The Shooting :: Film Movie Shooting Hellman Essays

The Woman With No Name in Monte Hellman's The Shooting Works Cited Missing Generally forgotten by critics, and classified as alternately a cult classic and a B-movie (in reference to both its budget and its reception), Monte Hellman's The Shooting is a film worth revisiting. At a remote camp in the middle of the desert, a Woman With No Name arrives to hire two men to lead her to the town of Kingsley, days after one of the camp members was shot dead and another ran away. On their descent into the scorching desert, it becomes apparent that the Woman has misled her employees as a hired gun joins their party and they continue their journey, it would seem, to execute somebody. The Woman from time to time physically leads the pack, and is always deliberately in control of their actions. She is granted much agency in terms of both plot, and cinematic structure, frequently, for instance, holding a position in the frame physically over the men in order to deliver a command. She enacts the ability to do, without being done to, resorting to a performance of femininity /desirability at times to do her bidding. A textual analysis of the scene in which the childlike Coley is ordered by the Woman With No Name to stay behind in the blistering sun reveals a unique style with which Hellman plays with the conventions of the Western and the utilization of the gaze to question gender roles and authority. Open the Sequence Storyboard in a new browser window. The scene in question opens with an image (shot 1 in the storyboard) atypical in a film coded as a Western: two men riding together atop the same horse, as one critic points out, "jogging listlessly in a limbo without perspectives" (Strick, 50). At the heart of the scene is the metaphor central to this opening shot; that of male instability, masculinity in crisis. Coley has given his horse to the Woman With No Name and rides on the back of Gashsade's steed out of necessity. He has given up his means of transport, his agency. Without his horse, Coley lacks mobility in the narrative and his position as a male is challenged. The male body is celebrated in the Western with "the phallic image of a man on horseback, sitting high above the ground, upright and superior, gazing down at a world whose gaze he in turn solicits" (Mitchell, 167).

Perfect competition Essay

A profit maximiser increases output until MC=MR at Q1. The intersection of MC with MR gives the profit maximising level of output. The intersection of MC with MR gives the profit maximising level of output. To find the market price one must project up from Q1 to the demand curve and across the vertical price axis, P1. Consumers are willing to pay P1 for Q1. Unit costs are only P2 so the firm is making an abnormal profit of (P1-P2)*Q1. The four key characteristics of monopoly are: (1) a single firm selling all output in a market, (2) a unique product, (3) restrictions on entry into and exit out of the industry, and more often than not (4) specialized information about production techniques unavailable to other potential producers. These four characteristics mean that a monopoly has extensive (boarding on complete) market control. Monopoly controls the selling side of the market. If anyone seeks to acquire the production sold by the monopoly, then they must buy from the monopoly. This means that the demand curve facing the monopoly is the market demand curve. They are one and the same. The characteristics of monopoly are in direct contrast to those of perfect competition. A perfectly competitive industry has a large number of relatively small firms, each producing identical products. Firms can freely move into and out of the industry and share the same information about prices and production techniques. Single supplier: The essence of a monopoly is a market controlled by a single seller. The most important aspect of being a single seller is that the monopoly seller IS the market. The market demand for a good IS the demand for the output produced by the monopoly. This makes monopoly a price maker, rather than a price taker. Unique Product: To be the only seller of a product, however, a monopoly must have a unique product. There are no close substitutes. A monopoly is an ONLY seller of a UNIQUE product. Barriers to Entry and Exit : A monopoly is generally assured of being the ONLY firm in a market because of assorted barriers to entry. Some of the key barriers to entry are: (1) government license or franchise, (2) resource ownership, (3) patents and copyrights, (4) high start-up cost, and (5) decreasing average total cost. A monopoly might also face barriers to exiting a market. If government deems that the product provided by the monopoly is essential for well-being of the public, then the monopoly might be prevented from leaving the market; Specialized Information Monopoly is commonly characterized by control of information or production technology not available to others. This specialized information often comes in the form of legally-established patents, copyrights, or trademarks. It could be a secret recipe or formula. Perhaps it is a unique method of production. While these create legal barriers to entry they also indicate that information is not perfectly shared by all. Natural Monopoly Sometimes markets become monopolies simply because it is more cost effective to have one firm serving an entire market than it is to have a number of smaller firms competing with one another. Firms whose economies of scale are virtually unlimited are known as natural monopolies, and the goods they produce are referred to as club goods. These firms come to be monopolies because their size and position makes it impossible for new entrants to compete on price. Natural monopolies are usually found in industries with high fixed costs and low marginal costs of operation, such as cable television, telephone, and internet providers. Legal Monopoly Sometimes a government will pass laws reserving a specific trade, product or service for government agencies. For example, many times a government agency will be in charge of running water. The legal barriers that are put up prevent other companies from competing with the government. Technological monopoly occurs when the good or service the company provides is has legal protection in the form of a patent or copyright. For example, if a company develops and patents a drug to cure brain cancer, that company has a legal monopoly over that drug.? Arguments for monopoly : – The beneficial effects of economies of scale, economies of scope, and cost complementaries on price and output may outweigh the negative effects of market power. – Encourage innovation.

Building a Computer essays

Building a Computer essays The building of a computer is an easy task, after buying all the correct hardware and software. A computer is a very intricate machine, so you must be careful when handling the various parts. When building your computer, make sure you are grounded from electricity, on a sturdy table or bench, and with an accessible power source. First, start by unscrewing all the screws on your case that hold the base of your case to your cover. The case may be a little stuck but ease it out with a screwdriver or thumbs. If power supply came with your box, you can skip this step otherwise you will need to install it. Depending on the size of box you purchased you may want to leave the power supply out of your box until you have finished installing all of the hardware that might be hard to reach. Installing the power supply should be as easy as screwing it into the back of your box. The next step is to install your processor according to the directions of both your motherboard and processor. In the directions for your motherboard, it will show you how to set all switches and jumpers. Then install CPU Fan or heat sink, so you will not destroy your board on its boot up. Being very careful, you will install your motherboard. Match the holes on the back of your case to the appropriate place on your motherboard. You want to put in standoffs, which will keep your motherboard from touching the case. After the standoffs are ready, simply screw the motherboard onto your box. Be careful and do not screw them in too tightly! After the motherboard is in, the rest is easy. Install memory in to the slots shown on the motherboards instructions. Follow this step by install video card. The different cards that you can connect to a computer are stubborn to get in and get out. You must use pressure, but not too much, because you can crack the card or break the motherboard. ...

Free Essays on Tennyson And Lady Of Shalott

Tennyson’s 1832 poem, â€Å"The Lady of Shalott,† found itself born again in its revised state after Tennyson’s ten year silent period. In both versions, the Lady of Shalott is a body of creativity. Her weaving is an artform. Enveloped in the tapestry are images and pictures of the reflections she sees passing in her magic mirror. The Lady of Shalott is an artist of both the loom and of images. Tennyson uses this status and her fate to embody the characteristics of an artist. For example, she is withdrawn in a tower from which she can see below the workings of a society - Camelot. An artist must, therefore, be secluded and detached so as to accurately convey the meaning behind his/her subjects and make a statement on society. However, this portrayal of the detached and elusive artist is even more clearly defined in specific revisions of the poem between 1832 and 1842. The deletion of specific descriptive details and the changing of the final stanza proves that the1842 revised version of Tennyson’s â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† is more effective in conveying the notability of an artist who detaches and abstracts from his/her subject so as to make an accurate statement on society. Specific details are described in the 1832 version of â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† which are excluded from the revised 1842 version. Specifically, images of adornment that add to the description of the Lady in the earlier version are removed from the later version of the poem. For example, the 1832 version specifically mentions pearls decorating the Lady of Shalott. She is described as having a â€Å"cloudwhite crown of pearl† and a â€Å"pearlgarland winding her head†. In addition, in this earlier version, the portrait of the Lady of Shalott is not the only concept described with more detail and adornment. The images that create her setting are also described in more decorative detail: â€Å"She leaneth on a velvet bed,/ Fully royal... Free Essays on Tennyson And Lady Of Shalott Free Essays on Tennyson And Lady Of Shalott Tennyson’s 1832 poem, â€Å"The Lady of Shalott,† found itself born again in its revised state after Tennyson’s ten year silent period. In both versions, the Lady of Shalott is a body of creativity. Her weaving is an artform. Enveloped in the tapestry are images and pictures of the reflections she sees passing in her magic mirror. The Lady of Shalott is an artist of both the loom and of images. Tennyson uses this status and her fate to embody the characteristics of an artist. For example, she is withdrawn in a tower from which she can see below the workings of a society - Camelot. An artist must, therefore, be secluded and detached so as to accurately convey the meaning behind his/her subjects and make a statement on society. However, this portrayal of the detached and elusive artist is even more clearly defined in specific revisions of the poem between 1832 and 1842. The deletion of specific descriptive details and the changing of the final stanza proves that the1842 revised version of Tennyson’s â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† is more effective in conveying the notability of an artist who detaches and abstracts from his/her subject so as to make an accurate statement on society. Specific details are described in the 1832 version of â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† which are excluded from the revised 1842 version. Specifically, images of adornment that add to the description of the Lady in the earlier version are removed from the later version of the poem. For example, the 1832 version specifically mentions pearls decorating the Lady of Shalott. She is described as having a â€Å"cloudwhite crown of pearl† and a â€Å"pearlgarland winding her head†. In addition, in this earlier version, the portrait of the Lady of Shalott is not the only concept described with more detail and adornment. The images that create her setting are also described in more decorative detail: â€Å"She leaneth on a velvet bed,/ Fully royal...

VNT turbo essays

VNT turbo essays The idea of forced air induction by turbine, or turbo, is not new and has it's mass production roots in WWII fighter planes. What is new, however, is its application to passenger automobiles. Unlike a near constant high RPM fighter engine, an automobile requires wide-open throttle (WOT) power availability throughout its entire operating range. Previous automotive turbo applications acted like an on-off power switch with a five second delay, decreasing drivability, rather than providing the smooth linear powerband of a normally aspirated engine. Because the turbine is in a fixed position in the exhaust stream, it was plagued with sometimes uncontrolled production from the compressor at high engine speeds, commonly referred to as boost creep, and a significant decrease fuel economy versus a similar, but naturally aspirated engine. The Garret Aviation produced VNT-25 solved all of these problems with its innovative Variable Nozzle Turbine. Hands down it is the most advanced turbo e ver mass-produced and it was the first of its kind on production cars. One of the most talked about problems with turbo charged engines is the lengthy time it takes for the turbo itself to accelerate to operational speeds. This is commonly referred to as turbo lag or turbo spool up time. Under WOT, turbo lag results in a seemingly underpowered engine that suddenly comes to life as a delayed tire melting rush of acceleration. Previously, turbo lag was limited by decreasing the size of the turbo itself. This resulted in lower rotating mass and more importantly, a smaller cross sectional area, which accelerated exhaust gasses at lower engine speeds. Although the turbo is able to spool quicker due to its size, for the same reason its ability to move and compress large amounts of air efficiently is significantly reduced. Inherently a smaller turbo will produce less maximum horsepower than if it were replaced by larger turbo on the same engine. Previous...

Theodicy and the Free Will Defense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theodicy and the Free Will Defense - Essay Example This paper deems to tackle the concepts revolving around theodicy and free will; this also aims to know whether the free will defense meet all the three criteria for an effective theodicy. Free Will Human free will and freely chosen good actions are of high value, even though free will opens up the possibility of evil (Pinnock 5). Furthermore, as guided by the definition of freedom, free will or free act is an act that is not determined casually in any way by one’s genetic makeup, by one’s environment or even by God (Pinnock 5). Likewise, every free person is possibly sinful and free to choose evil; thus, given the independence of human freedom from divine control, it is obviously impossible for God to guarantee that individuals will always freely choose to do what is morally noble (Pinnock 5). In simple terms, Pinnock implied that free will is considered as a key justification to evil (4). Individuals deem that they have free will if they view themselves as agents capa ble of influencing the world in a variety of ways (Kane 5). Moreover, persons feel that it is up to them what they will choose and how they will act and this means they could have chosen and acted otherwise (Kane 5). Furthermore, Kane suggests that the basis of the actions of individuals exercising free will lie in themselves and not outside them which is something that could be beyond their control (5). The Biopic Teleological Argument Edwards inquired about how a powerful transcendent Creator can be a Benevolent Super-intellect when evil is evident in the world (299). Edwards then emphasized that no single, magic bullet neatly solves the problem of theodicy for if there is an available solution, it usually results from cumulative weight of many considerations; hence, the success or failure of theodicy is a matter of fallible and variable judgment (299). Massive evil in the world is indeed the greatest obstacle of all to have faith and believe that a good God created the universe f or benevolent purposes (Edwards 299). Without theodicy, individuals would deprive God of devotion instead contempt might linger in their mind and hearts (Edwards 299). The Free Will Defense amidst the Criteria of Theodicy The Free Will Defense by Alvin Plantinga denotes that much of the evil most notably the moral evil that exist in the world is a consequence of God’s endowing humans with significant moral freedom (Nash 199). In lieu of the first criteria of effective theodicy, the premise handled only human-caused suffering satisfactorily in the sense that it rationalizes why one experiences such. Such outcome is based on the fact that a free and responsible choice originates with the intelligent moral agent who makes it (Edwards 299). Thus, being responsible for a choice and its consequences such as suffering means picking that option or choice knowingly (Edwards 299). As what Edwards (299) highlighted that moral agents are responsible only for the decisions they made that originated from them, other than that, they may not be held accountable (Edwards 299). The second criteria of an effective theodicy was tackled by the Free Will Defense, in such a way that this approach stressed that God allows moral evil in order to bring about the greater good of allowing his creation to encompass significantly free moral agents, without whom there could be no moral good (Nash 199). Though pain and suffering may be experience due to the

Advisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Advisement - Essay Example It is essential that when one makes decisions, regardless of its difficulty or importance, that a person seek the counsel of two or more people for him to have opinions to weigh. Some may give poor counsel, others good and still another, something that seems wise but may not be applicable to the one seeking counsel. However, the presentation of other opinions would help a person see more clearly his circumstances and decide critically and wisely, considering his personal convictions and other matters or people involved in events one needs to decide on. In the absence of trustworthy counselors, an individual may resort to observing other people. With the help of modern technology, one can also get professional help from articles and blogs online that are informative and usually helpful because the issues are discussed considering that the writer or blogger has different audiences. It is therefore usually objective, making the encounter more critical and educational. Whatever means a person takes to get help in making a decision, what is important is that one gets some advisement. It would be wise to always consider looking through other people’s eyes to avoid making terrible mistakes. And if mistakes are committed amidst good counsels, one should let the experience be the best counsel yet and not allow it to destroy a lesson learned in a difficult

Customer Relationship Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Customer Relationship Management - Essay Example Web 2.0 which has brought about revolution in different marketing concepts, like advertisement and many other ideas, the C.R.M concept is equally affected by web 2.0. Through blogs, social media (face book, twitter), the customers are kept in touch with the organizations. The web 2.0 provides fan pages and other similar links which enable staying in touch with the pulse of masses and customers. C.R.M has certain set of components, and each of them is vital for the overall productive working of C.R.M. each component works in a complementing way towards the other and these components are as following: Customers’ retention is an important factor. It is being said that a satisfied customer brings along 3 to 4 customers with himself while a dissatisfied customer takes away three to five customers with himself therefore customers response is very important either way. Large number of enterprises have taken up C.R.M work and processes in their routines within their organizations. These organizations realize the impact of C.R.M and the dividends that can be extracted through it. Benefits of C.R.M: the benefits of C.R.M are multifold. It is a source f direct contact with the customers. C.R.M enables saving time and through direct methods the direct questions are addressed. Other benefits involve doing more with less that is saving money and saving time. C.R.M allows working to the will of clients and since clients are the backbone of any given organization, hence C.R.M is the pivot towards the organizational success. Other goals and advantages of C.R.M include reliable measures, enabling of taking on board the customers and then resolving the issues and obstacles relative to the problems at hand and customers demands. Canada’s company Bell is C.R.M enabled and it brings into action all the functions which are necessary for successful execution of

Did Jesus Claim to be God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Did Jesus Claim to be God - Essay Example He was of divine origin, unlike common men, and had some qualities similar to those of God. His teachings and parables are elaborated in the Holy book Bible, which is very ancient. The authority of Bible is not very credible as it has been revised and altered by many people throughout history. Since there is no clear evidence and proof as for the writings of Bible, it cannot be authenticated completely. Did Jesus claim to be God? Jesus never claimed to be God, but he consistently proclaimed that his father was Almighty God. He explained to people that he was the servant of the Lord and loved him at his utmost. He does equate himself with God but does not claim to be God. Jesus never said that Joseph was his father, but pointed to God being his father. This is not necessarily because he is the son of God in reality, but it is because of the divine connection he shared with God. He loved God with pure heart and perceived divinity in everything he thought and acted. His life was complet ely dedicated to God and the living of life according to God’s will. By comparing himself with God, Jesus was attempting to get closer with his creator. Jesus worshiped God intensely and, if he were God, he would not have attempted to this act of praying. God does not need to pray to God, as this is illogical. And Jesus suggested to people to pray to Almighty, which proves that he is an ordinary man of flesh and blood. However, Jesus performed many miracles which demonstrated his divine potentialities absent in ordinary men. Jesus definitely is high above average person and he is closer to God because of his pure soul and highly divine qualities. Actually, Jesus did not refer to himself as God, but his personality and miracles made people around him believe that he was God on earth. However, Jesus is a blessed soul who was enlightened at an early age and shared some divine qualities of God. Did Jesus need to be born of a virgin? Opposite to ordinary people, Jesus was born to a virgin woman called Mary. This is the main reason for people to believe that Jesus is God. However, this does not indicate that he is God. It definitely shows that Jesus is different from others. He was born through a virgin because God wanted to show people that he was supernatural. The God wanted to reveal to people that he was more close to god and divine. The God wanted to declare to the world that he had sent a Messenger on his behalf to the earth. It is sure that Jesus was not a ordinary man; his birth, way of life and teachings are a proof to it. If Jesus were born as a normal man, there would not have been an authentication from God as to his divinity. He was chosen to be born through Virgin Mary as a sign of purity of his soul. His birth showed the immaterial nature of Jesus and his detachment from the physical world. He was a completely divine being and shared closeness with God in many ways. Since a man to enter earth definitely requires a mother, he was conceived in Ma ry’s womb, but the seed was definitely a pure contribution from God. Does the Bible have authority? Bible is indefinitely the holy book of Christians, but as far as its authority is concerned, less could be assured. It is a centuries old scripture and no one has definite idea whether the book has exact teachings, as suggested by Jesus. We do not know whether Bible is the correct word of Jesus, as there is no credible way to investigate

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Philosophy - Essay Example refuted widely through Reliabilism and Gettier Cases, both of which have highly contrasting views and opinions on the aspect of knowledge particularly in the context of ‘justified true belief’. This paper attempts to analyze, discuss and evaluate the various arguments put forward by both these branches and assess how the concept of ‘justified true belief’ is refuted by Gettier case, and thereby fails to solve the counter problems posed by the same. There are various branches of reliabilism, all of which are centered on the single notion of ‘justified true belief’ with regard to explanations regarding knowledge. Some of such theories are discussed hereunder, to explain how it helps or fails in providing logical solution to the problems raised by Gettier. Reliabilism is one of the most widely used and debated theories in contemporary epistemology of which process reliabilism is one such aspect which makes the study of processes that lead to and upholds such beliefs, extremely crucial. The basic idea propagated by process reliabilism theories is that: Reliabilism, on the other hand, in general is an approach which stresses on the importance of formation of truth, through a specific method, or a belief-forming process. The concept of reliability pertains to theories of knowledge such as the tracking theory, which lays greater significance on extracting or seeking truth. In a narrow definition of reliabilism it refers to process reliabilism that is used to seek justification for the knowledge held. P (here, it refers to a proposition) knows that the sky is blue, if and only if P is true, one may believe that P is true, and one believes that P is true because P has arrived at that knowledge / belief that the sky is blue, through some reliable process. This theory was refuted by Gettier in the Gettier problem, whereby the concept of ‘knowledge’ as it pertains to ‘justified true belief’ was challenged. The Gettier problem or the Gettier cases

Did Jesus Claim to be God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Did Jesus Claim to be God - Essay Example He was of divine origin, unlike common men, and had some qualities similar to those of God. His teachings and parables are elaborated in the Holy book Bible, which is very ancient. The authority of Bible is not very credible as it has been revised and altered by many people throughout history. Since there is no clear evidence and proof as for the writings of Bible, it cannot be authenticated completely. Did Jesus claim to be God? Jesus never claimed to be God, but he consistently proclaimed that his father was Almighty God. He explained to people that he was the servant of the Lord and loved him at his utmost. He does equate himself with God but does not claim to be God. Jesus never said that Joseph was his father, but pointed to God being his father. This is not necessarily because he is the son of God in reality, but it is because of the divine connection he shared with God. He loved God with pure heart and perceived divinity in everything he thought and acted. His life was complet ely dedicated to God and the living of life according to God’s will. By comparing himself with God, Jesus was attempting to get closer with his creator. Jesus worshiped God intensely and, if he were God, he would not have attempted to this act of praying. God does not need to pray to God, as this is illogical. And Jesus suggested to people to pray to Almighty, which proves that he is an ordinary man of flesh and blood. However, Jesus performed many miracles which demonstrated his divine potentialities absent in ordinary men. Jesus definitely is high above average person and he is closer to God because of his pure soul and highly divine qualities. Actually, Jesus did not refer to himself as God, but his personality and miracles made people around him believe that he was God on earth. However, Jesus is a blessed soul who was enlightened at an early age and shared some divine qualities of God. Did Jesus need to be born of a virgin? Opposite to ordinary people, Jesus was born to a virgin woman called Mary. This is the main reason for people to believe that Jesus is God. However, this does not indicate that he is God. It definitely shows that Jesus is different from others. He was born through a virgin because God wanted to show people that he was supernatural. The God wanted to reveal to people that he was more close to god and divine. The God wanted to declare to the world that he had sent a Messenger on his behalf to the earth. It is sure that Jesus was not a ordinary man; his birth, way of life and teachings are a proof to it. If Jesus were born as a normal man, there would not have been an authentication from God as to his divinity. He was chosen to be born through Virgin Mary as a sign of purity of his soul. His birth showed the immaterial nature of Jesus and his detachment from the physical world. He was a completely divine being and shared closeness with God in many ways. Since a man to enter earth definitely requires a mother, he was conceived in Ma ry’s womb, but the seed was definitely a pure contribution from God. Does the Bible have authority? Bible is indefinitely the holy book of Christians, but as far as its authority is concerned, less could be assured. It is a centuries old scripture and no one has definite idea whether the book has exact teachings, as suggested by Jesus. We do not know whether Bible is the correct word of Jesus, as there is no credible way to investigate

Aesthetic relativism versus aesthetic objectivism Essay

Aesthetic relativism versus aesthetic objectivism - Essay Example end the relation between aesthetic experience and value? Of late questions have arisen and have been likely to have a skeptical cast, as to whether the use of anesthetic is explicated without appeal to others, or whether the term answers any genuine philosophical purpose.The expressed skepticism by these questions did not hold until the end of the twentieth century. This fact prompted the question as to whether (a) notion of aesthetic is fundamentally problematic and has just become known, or (b) the notion is fine and has become cluttered enough for our imagination. Deciding between these possibilities needs a vantage from which to take concerning both early as well as late theories on aesthetic matters.The notion of aesthetic descends from the notion of taste.The reason why the notion of taste commanded a lot of philosophical attention in the eighteenth century was due to the theory of taste that had emerged of which was a corrective measure to the upraise of objectivism in regard to beauty. With this rise especially applied to virtue. While objectivism was against beauty, the judgment of beauty in the eighteenth century idea of taste was to be immediate, against self-absorption of virtue and held the desire of beauty to be disinterested (â€Å"Relativism vs. Objectivism† 1). In any given debate, arguments especially to do with relativism versus objectivism tend to separate leaving no in between. The Slippery slopes myth says that people who are on one side of any argument easily find it easier to blame people on another side of an argument. However, concerning the other side of slippery slopes can also be extreme. For example, the prevalent abortion debates that exist today. Furthermore, the relativism versus objectivism argument in philosophy is not altered either. Objectivists blame relativist of being subjectivists that look for ethical negativism by claiming that morality is up to the individualism; relativist blame objectivists of being absolutis ts of whom believe that all queries have a single right answer, regardless of culture or context. With such a debate, majority population holds the view of falling somewhere in between. Concerning relativism, this interpretation states that the moral principles are lawful, but vary in culture (conventionalism) or individuals (subjectivism). For instance, Ruth Benedict debates that different cultures have different principles, how can someone judge another person. Each of these moralities is equally legal. She goes on to argue from the angle of normality that each culture outlines what behavior is considered normal, in order to fit the majority’s behavior. The said majority population then describes normality as well as living by it, and the small minority is seen as abnormal. Ruth calls majority â€Å"socially convenient approved ways† and standard as â€Å"variations of good concepts.† Put differently, whatever social acceptable behavior is considered good and normal. While subjectivism is considered the extreme result of relativism. That being said we can say that morality is determined on an individual level and not at a social or even universal level. Therefore, moral principles that are viewed as valid are the ones a person believes in. Making all principles

Treatment of Tb Essay Example for Free

Treatment of Tb Essay Tuberculosis, they say, is a disease of the poor and truly it is a disease that puts us high above other nations in the world. We are currently among the 22nd high TB burdened countries and are under the WHO TB watch list. Tuberculosis is such a problem for us. Imagine, 75 of our fellowmen die each day because of TB. Tuberculosis, however, is not a terminal disease. Before, people thought once you have TB you’ll just die not cured with the disease. But now, it is actually very curable. Our government, in addressing to this dreaded disease, formulated the National Tuberculosis Program or NTP. This program envisions our nation as a country where TB is no longer a public health problem. The goal therefore is to reduce the prevalence and mortality from TB by half by the year 2015. Now, this is where DOTS comes in. At first, I thought DOTS is just about making sure that the patient is really taking in his TB regimens – like literally swallowing the medicines on schedule. It, however, is not just as simple as that. DOTS or Direct Observed Treatment, Short-Course is the WHO-recommended strategy for diagnosis, treatment and management of TB. Since TB is curable, the WHO believes that the best way to cure TB is through DOTS. It is a health strategy made up of five important components: Political Commitment for TB Control; Facilities for Microscopic Diagnosis of Sputum Positive Smear Patient; Unlimited Supply of Good Quality Anti-TB Drugs; Direct Observation of Therapy; and, Good Record Keeping. Through these components, it is made sure that the program is managed properly and that the sputum microscopy is of good quality. The program is embraced by the government and made sure it is implemented. Health professionals are taught and trained well on the importance of the program, precautionary measures, how to deal with the TB patient, and, most importantly, on the proper identification and reporting of sputum microscopy results. There is therefore uniformity in the reporting of laboratory results. The government has also allotted a specific monetary budget for the services of the health professionals under this program. There is also the regular supply of drugs, not only just drugs but medications that are of good quality and recommended by the WHO. More importantly, these drugs are FREE! All the patient has to do is to comply with the treatment. But, there are still patients who are, well, â€Å"human† – remarkably wise, talented entrepreneur (because some sell their TB medicines to others who also present with TB symptoms as they have). They have a mind of their own; they have their own treatment strategy. These make TB treatment difficult and pose threat on the development of resistant organisms because the medications are not taken on proper dosage and duration. It is because of this that there is this 4th element of the DOTS strategy – the direct observation of the treatment partner (treatment partners could either be a Staff of the Health Center, Member of the Community , or Member of the patient’s family (last priority)) of the patient taking in the TB medications. With good record keeping, the patients are properly monitored and followed up wherever they may be in the country. With just one missed appearance on treatment appointments, the in-charge health partner is alerted. There’s no reason at all for non compliance. What is more wonderful with DOTS in our country is that we have this PPMD or the Private – Public Mixed DOTS. This is very important because even the private health institutions apply DOTS so that wherever may the patient consult he or she is directed to the same treatment strategy for TB which ensures patient receives proper treatment and program benefits. Upon enrollment with the DOTS program, there is an allotted box of medications both for the intensive phase and the maintenance phase – the Stop TB Kit. With those new pulmonary smear positive cases and new seriously ill pulmonary smear negative cases, the intensive treatment is made up of four regimens: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol. The number of capsules taken will depend on the weight of the patient (since usually the four drugs mentioned are formulated on a single capsule). Like for example, a patient weighing between 38-54 kg will be taking 3 tablets each appointment time with the treatment partner. The intensive treatment lasts for 2 months then a sputum smear will be requested. If patient is still sputum AFB smear positive there will be a month extension for the intensive phase. Afterwhich is the 4 months of maintenance phase. The regimen usually is composed of Isoniazid and Rifampicin. The kind and number of treatment regimens for tuberculosis is such because the TB bacilli, although TB is curable, is very difficult to eradicate and are prone to resistance. This is also why compliance is very important to prevent further development of resistant organisms. Whenever there are MDR TB patients (Multi Drug Resistant TB), they are referred to a higher center in Manila. There, patients are housed for 24 months, still free treatment. I think each MDR patient is budgeted with 500 1 million pesos such a huge amount. It is important therefore for us to prevent the development of such resistant organisms if we want our taxes serve the majority and give us better lives. Through the exposures regarding the DOTS, I now have a great appreciation for this program of the government. Whenever I will have an encounter with a possible TB patient, I could confidently refer him to a DOTS facility. I am hoping that we will truly be able to achieve our vision with regards to tuberculosis control as a nation.

Target Market Segments Profile Marketing Essay

Target Market Segments Profile Marketing Essay Cadbury is a trade name with a long times past in New Zealand and a loving assurance to make every person believe cheerful. Cadbury  is a  confectionery  company owned by  Kraft Foods. Its main  headquarter is in Dunedin. John Cadbury shaped the business in 1824 on the name of Cadbury. The business started as a shop in a fashionable place. A description of Cadburys and their aims of Cadbury is a worldwide company that makes market and sells exclusive branded chocolate. Cadbury have done this effectively for over 200 years. The cause they are so successful is because they have a comprehensible understanding of the needs of their consumers, customers and other stakeholders Product and services The specific product that will be the focus of this assignment is Cadbury roses. It is considered to be the best confectionary worldwide. It has almost various sorts of flavors shapes and 100% gluten free. Market of Interests Cadbury Confectionery Ltd is the most leading player in chocolate making in New Zealand. The company rebound from unhelpful media interest in 2009 to recover a lost percentage position in assessment allocate during 2010, to account for 52%, production it by far the major participant in chocolate confectionery. (Euro monitor, 2011) Chocolate is known to be the best confectionary for everyone. The first is the upward share that high-cocoa dark chocolate makes up of the likely $350 million to $400m of chocolate each year. (Wikipedia, 2012). Dark Ghana slabs are now Whittakers major supplier, and therefore hold 20% of NZ market share, whereas cocoa Old Gold is Cadburys best ever-growing line mirror rising 70% (Whitakers, 2012) Cadbury is  a confectionery  company that makes 7.3% of the worlds, 27% of the worlds gum, and 7.4% of its chocolate. Australia and New Zealand are the largest markets in the region.   Cadburys foremost chocolate brand name in Australia is Cadbury Dairy Milk and in New Zealand, brand contain Cadbury Dairy Milk. Cadbury has a number one location in New Zealands confectionery marketplace by means of a 47% contribute to. Trends Cadbury is a product of the Dairy Milk brand has reported a 6% increase in profits last year. The sales increased due to better marketing. The marketing budget increased from $87m last year to $120m, which is up 10.8% in respect to sales. Marketing indeed has helped the confectionary company gross a good deal of profit in this global economic storm. (Cadbury, 2012) Cadbury chocolates especially Dairy milk makes use of less cocoa in its production thats why its taste is not bitter and color is not as dark as other chocolates. Mostly the kids and the adults too choose for this chocolate as their sweet dish only because of its superiority. Cadbury is indeed a good example of how marketing strategies can help turn an unfavorable situation in to a favorable one. (Cadbury, 2012) External Environment Impacts Technology Cadburys long traditions of expertise specializes its tastes and texture. In this competitive market of confectionary technologies are improving consumers growing tastes as well as preference. Chocolate creation is a greatly tasteful computer controlled procedure, with a good deal of the new professional technology and equipment individual fashioned to Cadburys own design and requirement. Political Milk chocolate be required to each be 20:20, with a lowest amount of 20% dried out cocoa solids and a lowest amount of 20% milk solids. Dairy Milk is this kind of milk chocolate. (Skillsspace, 2012) The Food Standards Agency is accountable for checking that the rule is uphold for the security of resources that come into get in touch with with foodstuff and labeling. Labels have to hold certain in sequence e.g. the manufactured goods name, the companys name, a list of ingredient, particular storage space directions). company include to make definite they know what the rule is and that they be traditional to it. Two important laws are shown in the graph below: Food Safety Act, 1990 Sale and Supply of Goods Act, 1994 Covers four main areas: Goods must: 1. Labeling 1. Be of a satisfactory quality 2. Additives 2. Fit the description given 3. Composition (or content) 3. Be fit for their purpose as made known to the seller 4. Public health and hygiene. (Source: Skillsspace, 2012) Economics Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate is the leader chocolate in overall New Zealand. It almost holds 47% of New Zealands confectionary market share in todays market. The scale of Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate going Fair trade is massive with more than 5.7 million Fair trade Certified Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate blocks in New Zealand and estimated 350 million Fair trade Certified Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate blocks globally in 2010. (Cadbury, 2012). Cadbury has invest NZ$69 million to revolve Dunedin into a professional factory and protected developed and jobs in New Zealand. In the wake up of growing working and element expenses Cadbury is dropping developed costs so its crop stay at the back sensible at the leave. Social culturesource Today Cadburys have become a company who have a culture, which is concerned in keeping its stakeholders joyful. all along with this and the improvement in technology Cadburys have now lost its wide employee variety and replace it with machinery and at the moment just spend sufficient employees to stay the equipment leaving by individual stakeholder run the company has now become restricted by shareholders who are chiefly concerned in the company creation a wages (123helpme, 2011). Demography Cadbury chocolate targets kids between the age group of 5 to 10. During this age they are more likely to prefer chocolates more than any other confectionary since it is one of the best and satisfies most needs of the kids. Competitors An analysis of the current competition for Cadbury chocolates are centered on the 3 most popular chocolate sold in the New Zealand market today is presented using SWOT analyses. The weakness and strengths of Cadbury Chocolate has been identified as well as the threats and opportunities. Competitors 1 Nestle Henri Nestlà © provide his name to what is at the present the worlds main food and drink business, with over 280,000 workers, 456 factories in 84 countries and sales of extra than $140 billion in 2008. In our region, Nestlà © products have been available since the 1880s and in 1885; around 125 years ago, the company was first register in New Zealand. (Nestle, 2012) SWOT KEY Strengths KEY Weaknesses Competitively priced Unique taste Established target market in New Zealand Few choices of chocolates KEY Opportunities KEY Threats Different flavored chocolates Competition 2 Whittaker Whittakers market a range of 250g block, slab, Santà © bar and chunk in superstore In the molded Block Chocolate market, Whittakers has made a quantum jump in sale and trade sales for the brand name at the end of May 2009 were $17 million with growth of 62.7% near enough sales at the end of May 2010 to $27.6m. This is a market so as to barely grew 12.2% (Aztec Molded Block Market MAT). (Whittaker, 2012) SWOT KEY Strengths KEY Weaknesses Very good quality product Brand loyalty Competitive edge Established target market in New Zealand Existing distribution market Expensive to buy KEY Opportunities KEY Threats More chocolate flavors could be bought out Competition, such as lower priced chocolates New and better quality chocolates may take over the market 3 Kit Kat Kit Kat is also a very known and wanted confectionary in the NZ market today. It normally doesnt comes up in a very large package, and is always attractively packed. SWOT KEY Strengths KEY Weaknesses Good quality product Brand loyalty In business for a number of years Established target market in New Zealand Only chocolate flavor Medium quality Only one color KEY Opportunities KEY Threats Bring more flavors More colors Competition by brands with better quality Cadbury Cadbury Confectionery Ltd is the the majority leading actor in chocolate confectionery in New Zealand. Cadbury is a make with a extended history in New Zealand and a obsessive promise to creation everybody think cheerful. Cadbury  is a  confectionery  company owned by  Kraft Foods. SWOT KEY Strengths KEY Weaknesses High quality product Competitively priced Competitive edge Established target market in New Zealand Existing distribution market Expensive to buy KEY Opportunities KEY Threats Bring out more new flavors, different taste and different colors Competition, such as lower priced chocolates Target Market segments profile Cadbury chocolate targets kids between the age group of 5 to 10. During this age they are more likely to prefer chocolates more than any other confectionary since it is one of the best and satisfies most needs of the kids. by means of customers attractive even additional anxious with healthy drinking Cadburys would be sensible to look into producing a near to the ground obese or fat free chocolate variety. The return of this, at the same time as it, could open a potential marketplace wherever people are attractive additional conscious of strong. (123helpme, 2011) Cadbury the chocolate leader aims to target kids between the age group of 5 to 10 who consume chocolate the most. Though it does not have any specific segmentation targets therefore Cadbury chocolates are eaten by people of all ages, sexes, cultures, educational backgrounds, regions and on all occasions. It is not just for a taste but also people taste it on the celebration occasions. However, there is some differentiation targeting as a variety of Cadbury products are available to cater for the individual needs of different groups of customers. For example, a family block (350g) is available for families. Internal Environment impacts: Financial analysis Cadbury have invest NZ dollar 69 million in the direction of twist Dunedin keen on a professional industrial unit and secure developed and jobs in New Zealand. Cadbury Confectionery today established that the reform of its New Zealand and Australian developed process into specialized Centers of developed fineness is in its last phase. The plan in the beginning announce reverse in September 2007 (by means of a additional message in August year 2008) have by now see asset of $NZ69 million to get better the output, and insecure the extended-phrase chance, of its New Zealand developed operation. (Cadbury.co.nz, 2012) Internal organization and structure Cadbury organization is base on a self-governing organization method decision be complete as a effect of a discussion procedure connecting all members of the organization. Cadbury Schweppes also have two separate structure. The arrangement that they use for their panel of director has be re-calculated to clarify accountability and facilitate swifter pronunciation manufacture (Source: www.cadburyschweppes.com.) look at the better association organization it is obvious to see who is in charge of which division inside the industry. (123Helpme, 2012) Manufacturing/services processes -make your own and explain Firstly the research on how the chocolate would be designed and how it would taste is prepared, ingredients and recipes are added, such as, milk, cocoa, palm oil and other grocery products, then there is the production process, and after the product is ready it is set for packaging. Consumer trials are then taken, modifications are made and finaly the product is launched in the market. Human Resource Each of Cadburys factory contain a HR branch, which treaty with the factories require for. Human resource planning is the process whereby organization agree on the staffing maintain they will need to gather business needs and customer demands. There are a range of consideration that impact this planning, together with approaching retirements and transition, the ease of use of staff with positive skill sets and modification in the atmosphere that may want preparation for existing workers. 5) Management A young man named Richard Hudson arrived in the year 1868 in Dunedin and started a biscuit business, which was a great success. He purchased and operate the primary chocolate and cocoa developed place Southern Hemisphere in the year 1884. R Hudson and Company joined with Cadbury in the year 1930, therefore it be in this year so as to the initial block of Cadbury chocolate made in New Zealand roll off a Dunedin manufacture line. The company became Cadbury Confectionery Ltd in the year 1991 among a lot of of the lollies and sweet re-recognized as Pascall. Cadbury become an element of the Kraft food public on 2nd February 2010. Their heritage continues till date, therefore Cadbury foodstuffs are a huge hit by Kiwis all over the place 6) Research and Development-what have they done doing? They are persistent champion of nonstop development identify new program and insight to profit the trade, considerably causal and influence the way of strategic initiative to influence us to a sustainable spirited benefit. (Itsyourkindofplace, 2011) Marketing Function Cadbury believes that parents and guardians are the most important influence in the development of children. They do not advertise where children under the age of eight years are likely to be the majority of the audience. They also do not believe that its appropriate to sell our confectionery products through vending machines in primary schools and we will not do so. Location Cadbury is a brand with a long history in New Zealand. In New Zealand the main factory is in Dunedin. (Wikipedia, 2012). Competitive Positioning: (euromonitor, 2012) The chart above explains the marketing position of the Cadbury chocolate and its three competitors. Ethical Standing Cadbury is committed to growing responsibly. They consider answerable business comes from listen and knowledge, and have in place a clear CSR vision and policy. Vision Working together to create brands people love. (Sportspromedia, 2010) Cadbury is a leading trade name in fundraising and provide its associates, The House of Fundraising and Interworld Fundraising, with a variety of topmost advertising products from Cadbury. (Cadbury, 2012), therefore they think about CSR as a optimistic supplier to their competitive strategy. Increasingly they think of it as more about doing in charge things valuably than just doing the gainful effects responsibly. Others An additional extremely winning TV campaign that Cadbury has launch in recent times is Moro 4th best which encourage Kiwis to provide it a go and celebrate the runner up as all Kiwis can!

Ecstasy :: essays papers

Ecstasy MDMA, or Ecstasy, was first made in a lab in Germany in 1912. The German pharmaceutical company E. Merck patented it in 1914, not as a medicine, but as a chemical for making more useful drugs later on. MDMA was forgotten until 1953, when the United States Army funded a secret University of Michigan study to develop chemical weapons. After learning that MDMA was non-toxic, the government put it back on the shelf. Rumor says that the drug was tested for mind control purposes, or as a â€Å"truth drug†, but there is not actual evidence of that. In 1978, Alexander Shulgin wrote a book detailing the MDMA experience called Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved: A Chemical Love Story. Many psychiatrists took Shulgin's findings seriously enough to combine MDMA with sessions with their patients' normal therapy. In the early '80s, MDMA made its way from the doctor's office to the dance floor from a Texas entrepreneur who synthesized the drug in a lab. He re-named it "Ecstasy" and sold it for $20 a hit—legally—in Dallas-Fort Worth clubs. But, the Drug Enforcement Agency worked quickly to outlaw MDMA, and Ecstasy officially became an illegal drug in 1985. What Ecstasy does is simple. It combines two opposite effects, stimulation and relaxation, but in also provides a small quality of empathy. Psychotherapist RD Laing took MDMA in Esalen, California, in 1984 when it was still legal. He said, "It made me feel how all of us would like to feel we are anyway . . . smooth and open hearted, not soggy, sentimental or stupid.† Another psychologist described it as providing a "brief, fleeting moment of sanity". Most people describe the feeling like being in love. The most common feelings experienced are empathy, openness, peace and caring. However, there have been cases in which the user has a decrease in defensiveness, fear or paranoia, sense of separation from others, aggression, and obsessive behavior. Side effects of Ecstasy can range from mildly uncomfortable to life threatening physical and emotional reactions. Your temperature goes up when you take Ecstasy, like a fever. Dancing in a hot warehouse doesn't help your body cool off, so it's no surprise that one of the most common Ecstasy-related injuries is heatstroke. Along with high body temperature, you sweat and urinate a lot if you take Ecstasy.

Essay --

If there were a way to make a better race, a better society, or economy wouldn't you take the chance? A new turn in science has occurred that could lead to the change of the people of the world. Genetic Engineering is the process of using technology to change the genetic makeup of cells. Parents now have the power of modifying the unborn children to select traits they think is appropriate for their child. If you could change your child in hope to stop the stroll of disease going into its genes wouldn't you? The rapid advancement in technology makes designer babies a real possibility to society. By being able to rearrange traits in your unborn children could lead to endless useful opportunities. By selecting and taking out genes for your child it can cease the chances of your child having genetic diseases such as down syndrome.This both saves children from suffering and reduces the cost and emotional strain of looking after a sick child. In the article â€Å"Are Designer Babies Ethical?† by CBS News it stated that a survey suggested most people support building a better baby when it comes ...

Light and water Essay

When light and water are absorbed by the plant, four light photons are assigned to Photosystem II while the energy is channeled to P680. This energy triggers the P680 molecule to release four electrons toward an electron acceptor in the thylakoid membrane. To fill up the â€Å"hole† in the P680 molecule, it will strongly attract two water molecules and break it up. Two atoms of Oxygen are released and form the gas that humans need while 4 atoms of hydrogen are taken for photosynthesis. The four hydrogen atoms become energized and are passed on to the next P680. This process will then continue to happen to a series of other protein carriers creating what is called an electron transport chain. This transferring of electrons makes the energy of these electrons fall to a lower level resulting to the release of energy. The energy can be classified as metabolic (ATP) or reducing (NADPH). These and carbon dioxide are used in the carbon fixation process or â€Å"Calvin Cycle. † Because the next steps do not need light, it is called the light-independent reactions. The Calvin Cycle is called such because its end-products (molecules of RuBP) are needed to keep the process going. Firstly, carbon dioxide and five carbon molecules called ribulose 1. 5 biphosphate (RuBP) join together so that the organism can use CO2 to synthesize glucose and other complex carbohydrates. This is carbon fixation and it cycles three times to form six three-carbon molecules (3PG) which are chemically restructured to become glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate(G3P) molecules. One of these G3P is needed to make carbohydrates while the rest are used to resynthesize three molecules of RuBP in the next cycle.

The Role of Local Culture and Context in English Language Teaching

The Role of Local Culture and Context in English Language Teaching -Mabindra Regmi The Relation between Language and Culture The structuralists portrayed language as an entity that could be segmented and through learning these segments, the totality would also be learnt. This method has been tested, challenged and in many cases discarded in the world of linguistics. The conception, propagation and inevitable discontinuation of ever new methods has prompted Sowden to express â€Å"there has indeed been methodological fatigue, leading many to the pragmatic conclusion that informed eclecticism offers the best approach for the future. (Sowden, 2007, p. 304). Perhaps, eclecticism is the right trend while implementing ELT methods. One of the factors that should be considered, however, is that there seems to be a deep connection between language and culture unlike the belief of the structuralists. The concept of language teaching now is that of concentration in what the learners learn or w ant to learn rather that what is to be taught. As the classrooms get more learner-centered, it can be assumed that the attitude and the initiatives from the learners’ side will be more prominent.Since a person is shaped by ones culture and local setting, we can assume that the importance of cultural context in language teaching will grow as learning becomes more learner centered. It is in conjunction with this shift of emphasis away from teaching and towards learning, that there has appeared a growing awareness of the role played by culture in the classroom. (Sowden C, 2007, p. 304) It is not only the learners that come with their own culture in the classroom, the teachers also bring their own culture. This is particularly true if the language teacher is not from the locality.Sowden warns the teacher â€Å"to be aware not only of the cultures of their students and their environment, but also of the cultures that they themselves bring to the classroom† (Sowden, 2007, p. 305). Thus, it can be seen, however inconclusive, that culture of both the teacher and learner plays an important role in the language learning environment and they have to be addressed for effective learning to take place. This intricate mutual relationship between language and culture may be the key to unlock the language teaching methodologies of the future. Whenever we talk about anguage and its use, it is important to figure out the relation between language and culture. There are few things we need to ask ourselves in this regard. Can language exist independent of culture? Is learning a new language (English) definitive of learning the culture of native speakers of English? Who are the native speakers of English? Will the culture of the native speakers be appropriate in the setting of the language learner? Can language exist independent of culture? A language cannot exist in vacuum. It has to express some objective function when utterances are made or some text is written.Whe n we do make use of language, the production made is generally about what we know or what we have experienced. What we know and experience mostly confines within the local setting that we have grown up and where we are residing. Thus, local context becomes inseparable from the use of language. Is learning a new language (English) definitive of learning the culture of native speakers of English? When we learn a new language, we need to adopt the culture of the target language to a certain extent because the cultural aspect comes amalgamated with the target language. But what about the learners?The learners have their own set of cultural experiences and objectives of using a language. They have their own cultural amalgamation which has to be addressed during target language learning process to make it meaningful and relevant to the learners. We can assume that integration of local culture and context is inevitable while learning a target language. Who are the native speakers of Englis h? The distinction that makes a native speaker is generally very vague and often misleading. It might be important to look into the terminology if we are to explain what English is.A dictionary definition might say that native is belonging to a certain geographic location. In the case of English we must consider the fact that it is spoken in many parts of the world and more and more people are adopting it as the first language of communication. In this setting we must consider the appropriateness of calling certain speakers native and others not. Furthermore, even within the native speakers we find many varieties as in the British English, American English, Australian English, or South African English. If the English language is to be made a ruly global one, one must leave the notion of ‘native speakers’ behind. Will the culture of the native speakers be appropriate in the setting of the language learner? The culture and context of the learner and the native user of Eng lish may differ very contrastively. The traditional native speakers of English have their own cultural and contextual setting and it creeps into the language that they use. It should not be surprising thus, that the English used in non-native setting has the purpose of academia without much cultural interference.But can English have the same purpose if it were to only transfer the cultural and contextual nature of the target language? In order to make English learning a holistic experience, it is important that culture and local context are integrated so the learner has a more comprehensive grasp of the language. Different Views Regarding the Role of Culture in Language Class Different people have expressed their opinions regarding the role of culture in language class. Phyak, P has collected four such opinions from various personnel in his article integrating local culture in the EFL context of Nepal: An ignored agenda?The first view expressed by Byram and Flemming (Byram, 1997; By ram and Fleming, 1998) states that the target language culture should be taught in ELT in order to help learners to acculturate into the culture of English countries. The second view expressed by Karchu, Nelson and Canagaraja (Kachru, 1986; Kachru and Nelson, 1996; Canagarajah, 1999) opines that there is no need of teaching target culture especially in the contexts where different institutionalised varieties of English are in practice. Similarly, the third view by Kramsch and Sullivan (Kramsch and Sullivan, 1996) states plainly that ‘local culture’ in TEFL should be taught.Finally, the fourth view by Alptekin, Jenkins and Seidlhofer (Alptekin, 2005; Jenkins, 2005; Seidlhofer, 2001) says that since English is a lingua franca, it should be taught in a culture-free context. In the same article Phyak gives a fifth opinion regarding the use of culture in language class by assimilating the highlights of the above opinions where he advises the teachers to use both target and n ative cultures with priority to local culture (Phyak, P). Whatever the views of applied linguists all over the world, we cannot disregard two core realities.The first is that while learning a second language, the influence of the culture of that language is inevitable. The second fact is that the learner of second language comes equipped with the culture of the first language. If no association is made between the culture of the first language and the learning of the second one, the learning will not be as effective. Therefore, inclusion of local culture and context should be more prominent in the initial phases and gradually gear more towards the target culture so that the integration is seamless in the end and language skill transition is more comprehensive.English as an International Language Hegemony of English language is a global phenomenon and the onset of modern technology, the computer; and as the choice language of the academia will further strengthen it. Eventually, the s pread of English will probably be the root cause for disappearance of majority of world languages. Having said that, one must accommodate the fact that the use of English in international communication is increasing, and thus, it is gaining momentum as being an international language. The rise of English as an international language has created many concerns among the laymen, experts, anglophiles and chauvinists alike.The concerns can be divided into two factions. The first leads us towards convergence of all world languages into one giant English language. Because of the advent of printing, and more recently, media; languages, specifically English; are being standardized so that there is uniformity in the manner we write and speak. Many believe this to be a positive step towards world unification. There may be advantages to uniformity, but the question is; does it outweigh the disadvantages that it might bring in the form of ‘language death’ as expressed by David Cryst al or loss of identity?The other faction is made up of personnel who are asking this very question. The prominence of English might be an indicator of decline of other languages. When a language is lost, it is not only the means of communication that is lost with it. There are contextual and cultural associations with languages, and in addition; it also forms the corpora of accumulated knowledge of a community. All this will also be lost with the dying language. Moreover, there is a strong affinity of the language with the identity of a person or a community.Although English may provide with alternate identity, as shall be discussed later in this paper, the primary form of identity shall be lost, especially if the learning of English is subtractive in terms of the first language. Discrepancies aside, internationalization of English is inevitable. The question now remains is how we are going to bring about policies for other languages that are in existence. In order to understand why English is fast becoming a global language, we must try and analyze why is it important for us to learn English.There are many reasons why an individual would want to learn English. i. English may be a factor for obtaining better employment opportunities. ii. English is the medium of communication for business, recreation and competitive tournaments. iii. English is almost mandatory for learners pursuing higher academic achievements and publishing of one’s findings. iv. The knowledge of English may provide higher social standing or identity in many cases. We can see that English language empowers a person both in terms of social and material power.Thus we can see the attraction towards learning English. The choices that the language communities have is either to have subtractive learning of English and forget one’s own linguistic heritage, as is happening mostly in developing countries like Nepal; or to make the learning process additive by retaining one’s own language intact. It can be assumed that the later alternative is more acceptable. The reason for the long windedness of the explanation above brings us back to the core discussion of this paper: local context and culture in teaching or learning English.Now as we have made a huge circle from the inevitable internationalization of English to the better alternate of additive learning of English; it is time to ponder over how we are going to teach English language. English Language, Local Culture and Social Identity If we want to have mastery over English language, then I believe we must find a way to make the language practical to its learners. Just reading the literature of the language or using the language in stereotype British or American cultural setting will not hold much significance to the learner of English as a foreign language.What needs to be done is to bring about association between the language being learnt and the experience of the learners. This will provide platform f or practicality of the language being learnt. In order to understand why local context and local culture must be integrated into teaching of English language, we must also be familiar with how culture and local context plays a role in language learning. Culture and Language Reflect each other The common notion regarding the purpose of language learning has been related to communication.Because of the researches done in sociolinguistics and discourse, we should consider the fact that language is not only ‘understanding’ what the other person is expressing but it is also necessary that we understand the text at a discourse level where cultural and individual background conveys deeper meaning to the language items used. Language is not only communicating with words but we have deep rooted cultural and contextual schemata and frames which are reflected in the language that we use. Thus it is important to analyze the meaning of discourse at cultural and contextual level.The reason that we should consider the Frame and Schema theories of discourse analysis when talking about the language is that if we are not able to express or comprehend the schema created through cultural setting, only understanding the text in communication will not be able to justify the meaning that should have been understood. Only through associating and integrating the language that we are trying to learn (English) into social and cultural setting shall we be able to exploit the nuances of the expression made in a language.Englebert believes that there is a cultural variation between the learner and the language and that the â€Å"teacher hosting foreign students must come to terms with the fact that those students are immersed in a culture with which they are not familiar, and that they bring with them not only their limited knowledge of the language, but a myriad of assumptions based on generations of cultural indoctrination†. (Englebert, 2004). These assumptions based on â€Å"cultural indoctrination† are at the core of schema of the learner.Not only the culture of the target language but even the prescribed packaged methodology might create confusion in teaching English as a foreign language. In her study among the Asian students studying in New Zealand, Li found that â€Å"the interactive teaching methods adopted by New Zealand teachers are culturally incompatible with Asian students’ learning conceptualizations. The findings suggest that some teachers’ adoption of the communicative or interactive teaching approach led to Asian students’ negative learning experience in New Zealand† (Li, 2004).This shows that the cultural background and the mindset of the learner should be considered while teaching English. Subsequently, it also indicates the integration of local context and culture of the learner for smoother and more effective teaching learning experience. If the learner of English is only familiar with her o wn experience based on her own cultural and local setting, trying to incorporate a different language with a different setting will make it literally ‘foreign’. The ‘foreignness’ can be significantly eliminated if local context and culture of the learner is being used in the target language.Thus integrating the cultural and contextual setting in language learning will be important. English Language and Social Identity Bonny Norton has explained that in the current social situation, English language helps create a more powerful identity for the individuals because of the advantages associated with the proficiency of English Language (Norton, 2007). She further explains that construction of identity through learning English are complex and dynamic. The five examples that she has taken in her article all give different perspectives people have for English language based on their cultural and contextual backgrounds.If individuals from different social and ethni cal backgrounds have different concepts about how English should be taught and learnt, then we can assume that it is the experience of the learner that is influencing such perspectives. An individual is the product of the local culture and context, so we cannot ignore the importance of inclusion of local context and culture in English pedagogy. Norton recommends that we should not overlook the focus on individual account while teaching English.She further explains that the researches on language teaching and identity is fragmented and it has to be made more organized, and if English belongs to the people who speak it, expansion of English in this Global era is better (Norton, 2007). Inclusion of Local Context and Culture in ELT in Nepal Along with the gathering momentum of inclusion of local culture and context in language teaching across the world, an initiative has been started in Nepal where linguists and social activists are advocating for inclusion of local context and culture, namely, ethnic languages in mainstream education.Alongside with this initiative there are many linguists and teachers of English language who are advocating for inclusion of local context and culture in English Language Teaching. The problem that the Nepali society is facing is how to bring about the implementation of such content and context in English language. Looking at the coursebooks and educational materials, it is evident that the English teaching is heavily influenced by the culture of target language users. Although some content and stories seem that they have local context, but the exercises that follow again reflect to the target language culture.On the other hand, the teachers are also imparted trainings and education aligning with the target language culture. In this ambience, it will be difficult to implement inclusive local content and culture while teaching of English. In order to overcome this impasse, some measures can be taken so that there is a momentum towards progressive implementation of the discussed issue. First, the language policy makers and the educators of the country need to come together to make a master plan on how to develop materials, train teachers and set objectives on inclusion of local culture and context in ELT.Only when a concrete set of objectives and a clear vision of the implementational procedures have been codified, the initiative can move forward. Second, there has to be a mass drive for collection of local content in the form of stories, poems, articles and the like which also reflects local culture. The content corpus has to be exhaustive so that all the major aspects that need to be covered are covered. Agencies like Nepal English Language Teachers’ Association, NELTA, can be instrumental in taking the necessary initiatives.It is wise to include people from different academic, professional, age group, ethnic, gender, and geographical backgrounds to make the corpus comprehensive and complete. Third, the gathered content has to be carefully cataloged, edited and selected for practical use. There may be many ways by which the content can be used. The content can be an integrated one where a little of everything is included, or it might also be ethnic or locality specific where different communities make use of different relevant parts of the corpus.The fourth, which might also be the most important, is to enable the teacher of English to believe that local content and context is not only necessary but is the most effective way of teaching or learning a language. The teacher should also have autonomy to develop content from her own locality adjusting to the need of the learners there. Perhaps the most difficult part of this endeavor will be to discard the prevalent target culture based content in favor of local culture based one. But once the importance is felt and the initiative commenced, language learning process will take a meaningful and applicable turn.The learners then will not be learning English in vacuum but they can associate their own life experiences to the language being learnt. Finally, a monitoring and evaluation mechanism should be developed in order to judge how successful the implementation of the initiative has been. The monitoring and evaluating body can also make necessary changes in the whole process as the problems arise. Association and Comprehension through Local Context in ELT If there is association between the local context and culture, and English Language teaching; the learners might benefit in many different ways.As Lengkanawati states â€Å"we can conclude that the choice and the intensity of using language learning strategies is influenced by many factors, one of which is the students’ cultural background† (Lengkanawati, 2004), the association of local culture and English language teaching might help the learner build better learning strategies. It will lead the learner to grasp deeper meaning of the target languag e and use it efficiently and productively. Moreover, the differences that lie within the variations of English will make the learner appreciate that context and culture are essential for language learning.All this will lead to a global culture where one retains her native culture while learning that of the target language and thus of the whole world. We have discussed previously about the nature of association between language and culture. In addition, we also discussed about the emergence of English as an international language and the advantages of learning it. Then we went on to how local context and culture can be integrated into teaching English in Nepal. Now, we shall focus on advantages there might be in integrating local context and culture while teaching English in three different stages.The association of local context and culture can be done in three levels: using local context and culture while learning English, Using the context and culture of the target language, and i ntegrating the two cultures to create multicultural or global comprehension. 1. Using the local cultural and contextual setting while learning English. Using local context and culture will enable the learners to grasp the deeper meaning of English because they can associate the cultural and contextual meaning that they are familiar with.In Barfield and Uzarski’s findings, â€Å"the classroom observation showed that students in pair and group works were more interactive when they had to discuss on their local cultures than when they had to discuss on different stories or texts which they were not familiar with. † Contextualization will further enable the learner to be proficient in the language at a faster pace. The learner will understand how a different language is not very different from one’s own. This methodology needs to be applied on the learners at least at the beginning.The learners must be given ample opportunities to interact in the target language. Th is is only possible if the content that is being used is related to local context or culture. If target language culture is given as a topic of interaction, the learners may have nothing to contribute and will be less willing to proceed further. 2. Using the culture and context of the target language The users of the target language are varied. There is no single context or culture that defines a language like English. Therefore, it will be difficult to identify the target culture when we talk of English.This also indicates that even within the same language there is influence of local context and culture. This will make the learner understand that the language is not entirely free from the culture and context of a community. For example, we can take metro English that the Londoners’ use. It is very different from the traditional Standard or BBC English that we learn in Nepal or the other parts of the world. Sometimes there is a discrepancy in lexical meanings and pronunciati on too. A pavement for the British might be sidewalk for the Americans.A mate is a friend in Australia and spouse in England. The fact that even among the native speakers of English in different countries the linguistic items have different meanings will enable the learners to realize that culture or local context is the key factor in using and understanding a language. It will also give an insight that language is culture and context specific and not medium specific. To clarify this statement we can safely assume that the people coming from same cultural and contextual setting will share more meanings than people from cross-culture sharing the same language.This demarcation will be of vital importance because the learner will be able to comprehend that to understand a person is not only understanding the language but understanding the local context and culture as well. It will further inspire the learners of English to be familiar with different cultural settings of the people that use the language. This kind of interpretation of language should be carried out at intermediate and advanced levels where the learners have been made familiar of the inclusion of their own cultural and local contexts while learning English. 3.The emergence of a Global culture When more and more people start becoming familiar with the local culture and context of more and more places, then a common, integrated culture will emerge. This is the Global phenomenon that has been extensively discussed in every sphere of modern human civilization. This global concept of the language and cross-cultural integration should be the ultimate outcome of language learning. When we are able to identify issues of global importance and contribute to it in a local way, then we will be adherent to the post-modernist maxim of â€Å"think globally, act locally†.This is a concept that might be difficult to understand for many learners. There is also a paradox of going local to harbor a global outlo ok. This in turn complicates the nature of language that we use in the modern world. The learners of languages, and specifically of dominant language like English, should consider the integration of local context and language. Considering the complexity of the process and inputs, learners of the tertiary level of English should be taught at this comprehensive level. Assimilation of Various Cultures for Global InterpretationBarfield and Uzarski have a very interesting notion regarding language integration when they opine that even if an indigenous language is lost, which is happening at an alarming rate all over the world, through integration it can be preserved within another language like English. Interestingly, despite the loss or future loss of an indigenous language, the â€Å"roots† of that indigenous culture can be preserved through the learning of another language, such as English. (Barfield and Uzarski, 2009) This is one notion that can be construed as positive aspect of assimilation of local culture into a Global one.Even though we might have strong opinions regarding local languages and cultures that we have inherited, and feel strongly towards dominance and ultimate displacement that a language like English will do to other local languages, the only way to actually save a part of the culture and local form of language might be through English. In order to achieve this, it would be important to integrate local context and culture in teaching languages like English. On the other hand, because English is fast becoming the lingua franca of the world, there should also be a global ownership of the language.If we consider only one of the cultures of the native speakers then the globalization of the language will not be possible. In order to truly make a language like English a global one, and for all the cultures to feel that they are also a part of this global phenomenon, integration of local culture and context is important. So, at the end, every individual language community can feel the ownership of global English through integration and assimilation. Contrastively, the cultural and local contexts of societies that use English language are varied and it would be impossible to integrate everything about all the cultures.To make it comprehensible in the global arena, we should find out commonalities that exist in all the cultures and localities across the world and try to establish a common contextual and cultural condition for the language to evolve into a Global Language. Such understanding and cohesion will provide â€Å"the abilities to perform effectively and appropriately with members of another language-culture background on their terms† (Barfield and Uzarski, 2009). Conclusion This article has assumed certain developments in English language based on current global trends.It has assumed that English is fast becoming a global language and it will become more so in the future. It has also assumed that the local languages will decline and decay in the face of English as their adversary. Considering these base assumptions, the article has provided insight into understanding the importance of English language and equal importance of using local context and culture while teaching English. In conclusion, we can reaffirm the essence of the whole discussion in the following manner: first, we need to understand that we use English as a method of communication and this language is fast becoming a global anguage. Because we use it in our communication, the language cannot be excluded from the local context and culture because they are what we are likely to be communicating about. There may be differences in opinions regarding how or if local context and culture should be used in teaching English, but it is essential that we integrate local context and culture. Second, use of local context and culture in teaching English will depend on the nature of the local setting. Same system may not be applicab le in all communities.Therefore, how the integration is to be done should be tailored to suit the needs of a particular community or a country. In case of Nepal, this can initiate with development of content corpus based on multilingual communities existing in the country and making a broad plan on what and how to integrate the content thus collected and selected. Third, the use of local context and culture can be done following a procedural format where local context and culture can be given more priority in the earlier stages of learning English language.Slowly, learning of the culture and context of the target language is to be achieved for more comprehensive understanding. When integration is done among various communities and language groups, then English will emerge as a true global language with global ownership. Finally, we should also consider the possibility that many present languages of the world might one day die. And the only possibility of its context and culture to b e passed on may be through integration into a dominant language like English. All these expositions make the use of local context and culture in English Language Teaching a necessity.

Nutrition and Health in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nutrition and Health in America - Essay Example The physical education programs which are introduced at the school level don't offer sufficient physical activities which could keep a child healthy. So in their grooming ages like at the age of 5 they are not groomed well by their physical health trainers. And parents even don't account the importance of physical education programs and they are only concerned about the academic activities of their children. Unfortunately the schools don't pay attention towards this serious matter and they take physical education program as an optional task for the students. They feel that they are only responsible to polish student's mental abilities and to train them to get good grades. The fact is that if the students are physically fit they can produce even more positive outcome. A well know proverb also says that "health is wealth" .If you are healthy then only you can contribute towards good and can perform better. This is plenty evidence to turn around the educational policies. For example like mathematics and reading, the physical education should be made compulsory to pass the grade. It should be given its due importance like the other subjects as it grooms the personality of the child and takes him towards fitness as well as good grades. Americans like to spend their leisure time in front of televisions, computers, electronic games etc. But some forces are trying to divert their attention towards the fact that exercise can bring health benefits for people belong to any age group and both genders. American Heart Association has also taken step by giving awareness that the exercise could keep people away from heart problems. The opportunities to take part in marathon, cycle races and walks are being introduced by different charity fund raisers. It also plays role to motivate people to take part in such activities which could fulfill the need of exercise. The laws and regulations have also played its part in it. The walk paths are created for people to encourage going by walk wherever they want to go and not by motored transportation. Pilates, yoga and other gentler activities are becoming popular among the people and attaining their attention towards them. World's population on the world sports reveled that the participants were growing in many sports which were above 45. Now days the events are specifically arranged for the people who belong to age group of 45 and above. They participate in such activities and pass their leisure time instead of watching televisions as they used to generation ago. Now its time for parents and the education policy makes to take corrective action and should realize the importance of the physical education in the early ages of child. Parents should encourage their children to carry outdoor activities and to participate in such games which offer exercise .So that their adult ones could be able to develop immunity against different life taking diseases.Work cited: British Journal of Nutrition (2008), 99, suppl.1, S26-S32 The author